RESUMOIntrodução: estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que o nível de atividade física (AF) está relacionado com a redução de diversas enfermidades. Por esta razão, esforços têm sido realizados para promover atividade física na população através de recomendações mínimas capazes de provocar benefícios à saúde. A avaliação do nível de AF requer instrumentos precisos e adequados. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão dos métodos e instrumentos utilizados para medir e avaliar o nível de atividade física. Métodos: foi realizada consulta às bases de dados Medline/PubMed, SciELO, BioMed Central e Sport Discus, utilizando inicialmente os termos "physical activity assessment", "physical activity measure". Resultados: a partir desta busca, termos adjacentes e busca por autores foram efetuadas. Medir a AF é uma tarefa complexa, visto que ela pode ocorrer em diversos contextos. Os métodos de medida da AF podem ser classificados em objetivos (água duplamente marcada, calorimetria, observação direta, monitores cardíacos e sensores de movimentos) e subjetivos (questionários e diários). Conclusão: a variedade de métodos utilizados para medir AF resulta em um campo vasto de difícil equivalência e comparações. Atualmente, nenhum dos métodos pode ser considerado suficiente a ponto de descartar os demais e, por isso, a combinação de mais de um método pode resultar em uma melhor avaliação da AF.Palavras-chave: atividade física; avaliação; métodos de medida. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between physical activity (PA) level and some diseases. Therefore, efforts have been done to promote PA in the population through minimum recommendations able to promote health benefits. The assessment of PA level requires accurate and appropriate instruments. Purpose: The aim of this study was to review methods and instruments used to measure and assess the PA level. Methods: It was conducted a search in medline/pubmed, scielo.org, biomed central and sport discus using the following terms "physical activity assessment", "physical activity measure". After this initial search, adjacent terms and authors searches were made. PA measure is complex whereas it can occur in different contexts. Results: The methods for measuring physical activity are classified in objectives (doubly labeled water, calorimetry, direct observation, heart monitors and motion sensors) and subjectives (questionnaires and diaries). Conclusion: The variety of methods used to measure PA results in a difficult field of comparisons. Currently, none of the methods can be considered enough in order to discard others, therefore, combination of more than one method should result in a better assessment of PA.
For a reliable assessment of sustainability in big cities, it is imperative to evaluate urban ecosystem conditions and the environment of the cities undergoing economic growth. Urban green spaces are valuable sources of evapotranspiration, which is generated by trees and vegetation; these spaces mitigate urban heat islands in cities. Land surface temperature (LST) is closely related to the distribution of land-use and land-cover characteristics and can be used as an indicator of urban environment conditions and development. This study evaluates the patterns of LST distribution through time by employing the thermal spatial distribution signature procedure using thermal infrared data obtained from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. A set of 18 images, between 1985 and 2010, OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 3130 was used to study the urban environment during summer in 47 neighborhoods of Porto Alegre, Brazil. On a neighborhood scale, results show a non-linear inverse correlation (R² = 0.55) between vegetation index and LST. The overall average of the LST is 300.23 K (27.8 C) with a standard deviation of 1.25 K and the maximum average difference of 2.83 K between neighborhoods. Results show that the Thermal Spatial Distribution Signature (TSDS) analysis can help multi-temporal studies for the evaluation of UHI through time.
Brasil RESUMOA exigência de resultados elevados em desportistas em processo de formação tem sido amplamente questionada na literatura. De acordo com os especialistas, os resultados só devem ser valorizados na última das três etapas do período de formação. Com efeito, a utilização de estratégias tendo em vista a obtenção de resultados nas fases iniciais prejudicaria a obtenção de resultados elevados na etapa de alto rendimento. Neste sentido, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi verificar se atletas que atingiram resultados elevados no desporto de alto nível já apresentavam resultados relevantes durante os períodos de formação. A amostra foi constituída por 165 atletas de alto nível, das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, que faziam desporto em seis modalidades -ginástica olímpica, ginástica rítmica, natação, tênis, voleibol e futsal. A informação sobre os resultados obtidos durante as três etapas da formação desportiva propostas por Platonov, foi recolhida através de consultas às federações e da aplicação de um questionário aos atletas. O estudo permitiu concluir que: a) os atletas demonstraram um baixo percentual (27,5%) de altos resultados na primeira etapa, um percentual acima do esperado (67,3%) na segunda etapa, e um elevado percentual (87,3%) na terceira etapa; b) a comparação entre as modalidades revelou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) na primeira e na segunda etapas, todavia, na terceira etapa, os resultados indicaram grande relevância em todos os desportos.Palavras-chave: treino, competição, crianças e jovens, resultados desportivos, treinamento a longo prazo. ABSTRACT The Importance of Sport Results During the Long-Term's Athlete Development. A Study with High Level Brazilian AthletesThe
The objective of this study was to explore relationships between the neighborhood food environment and obesity in urban women living in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was carried out. This study was conducted with 1,096 women. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2. Circular buffers of 400m in radius were created based on the centroid of the women’s houses who participated, in the 45 census tracts inhabited by them. Neighborhood food establishments were identified through systematic survey of all streets in the study areas and geographical coordinates of shops were collected. Establishments were evaluated using the NEMS tool. The prevalence of obesity was 33% among the women participants. After adjusting for individual variables, supermarkets and healthy food establishments were positively associated with obesity, PR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01-1.10), PR = 1.02 (95%CI: 1.00-1.04), respectively, while mean buffer income was negatively associated, PR = 0.64 (95%CI: 0.49-0.83). Neighborhood food environment factors were associated with obesity even after controlled for individual variables, as socioeconomic variables, behavioral and food purchase.
For a reliable assessment of sustainability in big cities, it is imperative to evaluate urban ecosystem conditions and the environment of the cities undergoing economic growth. Urban green spaces are valuable sources of evapotranspiration, which is generated by trees and vegetation; these spaces mitigate urban heat islands in cities. Land surface temperature (LST) is closely related to the distribution of land-use and land-cover characteristics and can be used as an indicator of urban environment conditions and development. This study evaluates the patterns of LST distribution by employing the thermal spatial distribution signature procedure using thermal infrared data obtained from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. A set of 18 images, between 1985 and 2010, was used to study the urban environment during summer in 47 neighbourhoods of Porto Alegre, Brazil. On a neighbourhood scale, results show a non-linear inverse correlation (R² = 0.55) between vegetation index and LST. The overall average of the LST is 300.23 K (27.8 C) with a standard deviation of 1.25 K and the maximum average difference of 2.83 K between neighbourhoods. Results show that TSDS analysis can help multi-temporal studies for the evaluation of UHI through time.
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