In field experiments, the density of Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotia in root tissues of naturally colonized soybean cultivars was quantified. The density of free sclerotia on the soil was determined for plots of crop rotation (soybean-corn) and soybean monoculture soon after soybean harvest. M. phaseolina natural infection was also determined for the roots of weeds grown in the experimental area. To verify the ability of M. phaseolina to colonize dead substrates, senesced stem segments from the main plant species representing the agricultural system of southern Brazil were exposed on naturally infested soil for 30 and 60 days. To quantify the sclerotia, the methodology of Cloud and Rupe (1991) RESUMOPalavras-chave adicionais:Glycine max, densidade de inóculo, podridão cinzenta da raiz, sobrevivência saprofítica.Em experimentos conduzidos no campo quantificou-se a densidade de microescleródios de Macrophomina phaseolina nos tecidos radicais de cultivares de soja, naturalmente colonizadas. A densidade de escleródios livres no solo foi determinada em parcelas de rotação de culturas (soja-milho) e de monocultura de soja, tendo início logo após a colheita da soja. Determinou-se a ocorrência de infecção natural de M. phaseolina em raízes de plantas invasoras ocorrentes na área experimental. Na verificação da capacidade de M. phaseolina colonizar substratos mortos, foram expostos no solo naturalmente infestado por 30 e 60 dias, segmentos de hastes mortas das principais espécies vegetais integrantes do sistema agrícola do sul do Brasil. Na quantificação dos escleródios, utilizou-se a metodologia de Cloud e Rupe (1991) e Mengistu et al. (2007)
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