The availability of essential drugs in public facilities is low and varies widely, with the result that persons who need such drugs the most are often those who lack access to them. Private pharmacies are the main source of essential drugs. The results of this study point to the need to seek increased awareness and implementation of the concept of essential drugs throughout the country.
IntroductionBoth the quantity and the distribution of health workers in a country are fundamental for assuring equitable access to health services. Using the case of Brazil, we measure changes in inequalities in the distribution of the health workforce and account for the sources of inequalities at sub-national level to identify whether policies have been effective in decreasing inequalities and increasing the density of health workers in the poorest areas between 1991 and 2005.MethodsWith data from Datasus 2005 and the 1991 and 2000 Census we measure the Gini and the Theil T across the 4,267 Brazilian Minimum Comparable Areas (MCA) for 1991, 2000 and 2005 to investigate changes in inequalities in the densities of physicians; nurse professionals; nurse associates; and community health workers by states, poverty quintiles and urban-rural stratum to account for the sources of inequalities.ResultsWe find that inequalities have increased over time and that physicians and nurse professionals are the categories of health workers, which are more unequally distributed across MCA. The poorest states experience the highest shortage of health workers (below the national average) and have the highest inequalities in the distribution of physicians plus nurse professionals (above the national average) in the three years. Most of the staff in poor areas are unskilled health workers. Most of the overall inequalities in the distribution of health workers across MCA are due to inequalities within states, poverty quintiles and rural-urban stratum.DiscussionThis study highlights some critical issues in terms of the geographical distribution of health workers, which are accessible to the poor and the new methods have given new insights to identify critical geographical areas in Brazil. Eliminating the gap in the health workforce would require policies and interventions to be conducted at the state level focused in poor and rural areas.
Resumo A escassez e a má distribuição geográfica de médicos são problemas graves e persistentes no Brasil. Conhecer o que atrai e principalmente o que retém esses profissionais em áreas remotas e desassistidas é essencial para orientar políticas públicas. Neste trabalho, investigaram-se os principais fatores de atração e retenção em munícipios que apresentavam escassez de médicos, compondo as denominadas "rotas da escassez". Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com 51 médicos em 10 rotas que abrangeram as cinco regiões do Brasil. Na análise de conteúdo, foram identificadas seis categorias: remuneração, vínculo de trabalho, condições de trabalho, fatores profissionais, fatores locais e fatores pessoais, divididas em 27 subcategorias, com destaque para os itens de salário, flexibilidade da jornada de trabalho, infraestrutura da unidade de saúde, origem do profissional, infraestrutura e opções de lazer do município. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de combinar diferentes incentivos, financeiros e não financeiros, para atrair médicos para áreas remotas e desassistidas.
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