Individuals belonging to five families, 12 genera, and 19 different species of bats from dengue endemic areas in the Gulf and Pacific coasts of Mexico were examined by ELISA, RT-PCR, and for the presence of dengue virus (DV) NS1 protein. Nine individuals from four species were seropositive by ELISA: three insectivorous, Myotis nigricans (four positives/12 examined), Pteronotus parnellii (3/19), and Natalus stramineus (1/4), and one frugivorous Artibeus jamaicensis (1/35) (12.86% seroprevalence in positive species). DV serotype 2 was detected by RT-PCR in four samples from three species (all from the Gulf coast - rainy season): two frugivorous, A. jamaicensis (2/9), and Carollia brevicauda (1/2), and one insectivorous, M. nigricans (1/11). The latter was simultaneously positive for NS1 protein. DV RT-PCR positive animals were all antibody seronegative. M. nigricans showed positive individuals for all three tests. This is the first evidence suggesting the presence of DV in bats from Mexico.
El registro de murciélagos con coloración atípica se ha incrementado en los últimos años, y la terminología que se emplea para reconocer los fenotipos es confusa. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: recopilar, clasificar y catalogar los casos de fenotipos atípicos para Norte y Centroamérica e islas del Caribe entre 1930 y 2014, y documentar 9 casos adicionales para México y Costa Rica. Todos los registros sumaron 317 casos de 25 especies, 17 géneros y 4 familias, provenientes de 6 países. Los ejemplares se agruparon en 4 categorías fenotípicas; la más común fue manchas blancas, con 274 registros, seguida de albino con 23, no agouti con 11 y descolorido con 4; además, 5 ejemplares tuvieron un fenotipo combinado. Los casos adicionales para México corresponden a 5 Artibeus lituratus, un Glossophaga soricina y el primer registro de Sturnira parvidens y de Nyctinomops femorosaccus. También se documentó el segundo caso para Costa Rica, Molossus sinaloae. Se desconocen las causas de la coloración atípica en los murciélagos. Se requiere de estudios genéticos y moleculares para entender su origen y el posible impacto en las poblaciones de murciélagos. Derechos Reservados © 2016 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
The recognition of transformed homologues entails an evaluation of similarity of features among taxa and then an assessment of homology by character congruence. We approached the similarity test of character state identity with morphometric analyses of character variation to judge whether all variants from a taxonomic sample belong to the same phylogenetic state (taxic homology) or whether some variants are sufficiently different to recognize them as different states (transformational homology). This method seeks to recognize as many character states as the groups of taxon means that are revealed by an analysis of variance followed by a multiple range test. We exemplify this quantitative approach with an analysis of character variation for a phylogenetic study of eight Artibeus species and two outgroups. All 23 features analysed are taxonomically useful because at least two states could be defined. We argue that statistical tests are a consistent and non‐arbitrary procedure for the similarity test in the assessment of character states when hypothesizing primary homologies. Cladistic analyses and descriptive indices of historical signals of previous molecular and morphological data, combined with our morphometric data, showed that morphometric characters contain cladistic structure and they are phylogeneticaly useful. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 80, 45–55.
To investigate if non-hematophagous bats play a role in outbreaks of rabies and blue eye disease (LPMV), we studied the seroprevalence against both agents in several species of non-hematophagous bats on the sub-tropical Pacific coast of the state of Colima, Mexico. The survey covered a predominantly agricultural area (disturbed), and an area dominated by semideciduous dry forest (undisturbed). A total of 151 non-hematophagous bats of 16 species were captured from the two areas. Fifty-six (37%) had antirabic antibodies (Ab) while 87 (58%) did not and 8 samples (5%) had to be discarded because of hemolysis. A much lower (P<0.05) prevalence of antirabic Ab was found in bats caught in disturbed areas (22.7%) compared with those from undisturbed areas (51.9%). The presence of antirabic Ab was not related to sex, genera or feeding habits. The higher prevalence found in bats in the undisturbed area may be the result of more frequent interspecies encounters. Of the 108 sera analyzed for antibodies against LPMV, only one was positive (a male Rhogeessa parvula major, captured in the undisturbed area). This suggests that bats in the surveyed localities do not play a role in the epidemiology of LPMV.
Aim To investigate the relationship between chiropteran species distributions and four fundamental environmental factors — temperature, precipitation, soil and vegetation — and to construct a species richness prediction map based on the environmental factors. Location The state of Michoacán, México. Methods Bat specimens collected during a 2‐year project were combined with museum specimens to form a dataset of over 3200 entries pertaining to 71 species of bats. Coordinates of the collection localities were recorded with GPS receivers or determined from maps. ArcView GIS was used to characterize the distribution of the species relative to the four environmental factors by projecting coordinates of the collection sites onto digitized maps of those factors. Correspondence analysis (CA) was used to evaluate the relationship between species distributions and the environmental factors. Results The CA results indicated that the order of importance of these factors is (from highest to lowest): temperature, vegetation, precipitation and soil. A predicted distribution map was constructed for each species of bat, based on the result of the CA analysis, using correspondences of each species to climate, vegetation and precipitation. Soil types were excluded from the prediction model because soil type does not appear to carry high predictive value for bat species in Michoacán. Distribution maps of the 71 bat species were then overlaid to generate a map of bat species richness for the state of Michoacán. Main conclusions Neither family membership nor feeding guild affiliation appear to play important roles in chiropteran species distributions in Michoacán. The bat species richness prediction map will be a useful tool for conservation works in the region.
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