Genome sequencing has been useful to gain an understanding of bacterial evolution. It has been used for studying the phylogeography and/or the impact of mutation and recombination on bacterial populations. However, it has rarely been used to study gene turnover at microevolutionary scales. Here, we sequenced Mexican strains of the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii sampled from the same locale over a 3 year period to obtain insights into the microevolutionary dynamics of gene content variability. We found that the Mexican A. baumannii population was recently founded and has been emerging due to a rapid clonal expansion. Furthermore, we noticed that on average the Mexican strains differed from each other by over 300 genes and, notably, this gene content variation has accrued more frequently and faster than the accumulation of mutations. Moreover, due to its rapid pace, gene content variation reflects the phylogeny only at very short periods of time. Additionally, we found that the external branches of the phylogeny had almost 100 more genes than the internal branches. All in all, these results show that rapid gene turnover has been of paramount importance in producing genetic variation within this population and demonstrate the utility of genome sequencing to study alternative forms of genetic variation.
Background: Professional truck drivers are at high risk of chronic diseases. Further examination of tobacco use and its impact on oral health is warranted – both in terms of the direct association between tobacco use and poor oral health, and in terms of tobacco use being an indicator of poor health behaviors. Objective: To estimate the possible association between smoking and dental caries experience in a population with high tobacco use. Methods: Drivers’ licenses are periodically re-issued by the Mexican government and as part of the licensing process a physical exam takes place. We administered a free, standardized questionnaire together with an oral examination (WHO criteria) included in the physical exam, targeting a random sample of applicants in Mexico City. Results: A total of 824 dentate males (mean age 35.5 ± 10 years) took part in the study, of whom 49.2% were current smokers and 23.2% were former smokers. Caries experience was mean DMFT 8.95 (± 6.05). Only 18.0% of participants had ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ oral hygiene. The prevalence of ‘large’ cavities increased as the number of cigarettes/day increased from 14.6% (1–3 cigarettes/day) to 33.3% (≧10 cigarettes/day). Using multiple linear regressions, we found that older age, poorer oral hygiene, higher education, and greater tobacco exposure were significantly associated with higher caries experience (DMFT). An interaction was observed with oral hygiene and tobacco: drivers that smoked and had ‘poor’ oral hygiene showed the highest number of large cavities and missing teeth. Health promotion interventions are needed in this at-risk population group.
e19518 Background: Microbiome is a challenging study area due to its influence on the multiple host functions. The majority of human-associated microbes reside within the colon. Our understanding about the complex interplay between host and environmental factors to shaping the microbiota is evolving rapidly AL is an unfavorable prognosis disease whose only cure possibility is the allo-HSCT. This procedure uses high doses of chemotherapy and multiple drugs such as antibiotics, antiviral, antifungals, and immunosuppressants that damage the mucous membranes and alter the intestinal microbiome balance. These events have been linked to bacterial resistance, relapse risk, Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD), and poor Overall Survival (OS). The present study’s objective was to identify the intestinal microbiome bacteria groups during allo-HSCT and to evaluate their impact on patients outcome. Methods: Observational and prospective study was performed. Eleven patients with acute leukemia under alloHSCT and 11 health control (relatives) were enrolled. Gut faecal samples were collected in both groups; three for patients (at income day (ID), neutropenic period (N) and 30 days after discharge (+30D) and one in healthy donor (HD) at income day of their relatives. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were characterized by illumina and QUIIME 2. Biodiversity of microbiome was evaluated by OTUS, Shannon index and dominance. This proyect was supported by CONACyT. Results: We analyze 11 patients, 55% were male, with a median of 25 years-old at allo-HSCT. 7/10 received a HLA-identical and 4/10 an haploidentical HSCT. 82% had GVHD (I-IV), 1/11 died (two due to infections-GVHD and one of disease relapse). We analyzed 44 samples. There are no difference between healthy control group and income day patients’ samples. Statistical differences in the patients’ microbiome were identified among HSCT moments. According OTUS and Shannon Index the biodiversity decrease at neutropenia, and increase at day +30 outcome but it doesn’t represent a complete recovery. Greater bacterial dominance was observed in neutropenia period. (Table). 3/10 patients who died didn’t recovery biodiversity at day +30. Conclusions: Our results suggest that poor microbiome biodiversity recovery could be a worst prognostic [Table: see text]
Early analysis of the negative effects of obesity is important to prevent the development of chronic diseases related to this condition. There is a need to monitor these effects through simple instrumentation that measures fat-free mass (FFM) catabolism. Obesity leads to a decrease in the FFM energy expenditure and to an increase in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Thus, the measurement of FFM dynamic catabolism can provide information regarding the effects of obesity. The hypothesis is that this increased ANS activity produces an increase of energy expenditure of carbohydrates and fats when the subjects are under stress; in this case after an 8-hour fast and while they are undergoing an orthoclinostatic test. A pilot study was conducted on 29 volunteers, 16 women and 13 men. The results show significant statistical differences (p<0.1) in fat and carbohydrate utilization during the orthoclinostatic tests: A move from the clinostatic to the orthostatic positions produced the following: Fat metabolism varied from 97.2 to 105.9 gr/day of fat for women and 24.9 to 35.7 gr/day of fat for men; carbohydrate metabolism changed from 38 to 39 gr/day for women and 239 to 277 gr/day for men; FFM averages were 47 Kg for women and 57.6 Kg for men; changes in the sympathovagal index (SVI) averages were 0.4 to 1.8 for women and 0.8 to 2.7 for men. The conclusions show that the methodology's sensitivity is such that gender differences can be used as a model to prove FFM metabolic differences. We believe that further studies will lead to the development of a robust methodology for the early detection of the negative effects of obesity.
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