INDUSTRIALAND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY point or desired value for operation, making use of standard instruments and control laboratory. This is basic as it is important to be aware of all operating conditions at all times in order that the unit run at full capacity continuously and produce products of good quality. Product quality is checked by the control laboratory in some cases once every 4 hours and in most cases once a shift. Under these circumstances, any attempt to get more product through the unit is unavailing. ConclnsionsIn manufacturing a solid product, actual losses can be determined from inventory, and these are true losses because they are not rerunable. Annual losses can be computed and an investment to prevent such losses can be justified even if the investment requires specialized analyzers with inherent time lags and helper instruments (commonly known as cascaded instrumentation) to reduce the lag. In boilerhouses boiler performance charts provide the data for calculating losses from carbon dioxide or oxygen measurements taken periodically either by hand or by instrument. These losses are not recoverable-here, too, definite expenditures can be justified for specialized instrumentation to avoid losses due to human fatigue and error in poor operation. The refinery that produces liquid products, however, cannot set up these clear-cut calculations of losses. On the basis that the cost of rerun on a liquid process unit is essentially loss in capacity, plus the extra fuel and labor required for the second processing, modern refineries eannot establish losses when units are running continually at full capacity.When superanalyzers are available and suitable for oil refinery stills, refiners will not hesitate to use the instrumentation required to justify the economics involved. Refiners are considered leaders in the use of controls for continuous operation, and future usage of specialized instrumentation is not excluded on any basis. However, at the present time, manufacturers of continuous process liquid products have no complaint with standard instrumentation and do not agree that there is dire need of better quality measuring instrumentation-especially in refineries.
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