The main objective of the paper is to investigate and compare the downlink performance of different LTE heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment solutions. By adding small cells to the existing macro overlay, network coverage and capacity can be significantly enhanced to accommodate the fast growth of mobile broadband traffic. Emphasis is put on how to optimally assign the spectrum for the different networks layers in an evolved HetNet including outdoor and indoor small cells. The study is conducted for a "Hot-Zone" scenario, i.e. a high-traffic area within a realistic dense urban deployment. A broadband traffic volume growth by a factor of 50 compared to today's levels is assumed. The investigated deployment schemes are outdoor picoonly, indoor femto-only and joint pico-femto deployments, all combined with an overlay macro layer. The results indicate that the best network coverage performance with a minimum user data rate of 1 Mbps is achieved when deploying small cells on dedicated channels rather than co-channel deployment. Furthermore, the joint pico and femto deployment turns out to be the right trade-off between increased base station density and enhanced network capacity. I.
The UTRAN long-term evolution (LTE) specifications provide flexible means to achieve microsleep operation for user equipment (UE) even though it is in active mode and running a service. By means of a discontinuous reception (DRX) framework, pauses in the transmission due to natural traffic characteristics or network prioritization can be utilized. The specifications give a number of options to optimize the performance. In this paper two of those possibilities are compared. Long DRX with the use of an inactivity timer is compared to the usage of short DRX on top of long DRX. The performance is evaluated in terms of user throughput, power consumption, and network performance, while using a realistic RF modem power consumption model for the UE. For bursty traffic, short DRX shows a gain of up to 100% over DRX with just an inactivity timer, when measuring throughput per power unit consumed in case of one or multiple users being present in the cell.
This paper investigates the downlink performance of indoor deployed Wi-Fi and Femto as the offloading solution to the LTE macro cellular networks in a realistic large-scale denseurban scenario. With an assumed broadband traffic volume growth of 50x compared to today's levels, it is evaluated that a dual-carrier LTE macro network will not be able to provide sufficient service coverage with a 1 Mbps minimum data rate and, indoor coverage is identified as the major bottleneck.. We evaluate the performance of indoor Wi-Fi and Femto cell deployment to offload the congested LTE macro network. We show that, in a dual-carrier LTE macro case with a total of 30 MHz spectrum, Wi-Fi access point density of 230/km2 is required to meet the set target of 90% coverage with a minimum user data rate of 1 Mbps. For the same scenario it was found that an outband Femto access point density of 1200/km2 is required. Furthermore, we show that in-band Femto cell cannot meet the set network requirement even at a very high access point density. We also show that Wi-Fi and Femto cell can offload the same amount of traffic when they are deployed at the same access point density. I.
-Complementing macro-only cellular networks with low-powered base stations is a promising deployment solution to improve both network coverage and capacity, and cope with exploding data traffic in the coming years. In Beyond 3G Networks, such as LTE-Advanced, Relay Nodes and micro base stations can transmit on the same spectrum as the overlaying macro layer, and guarantee higher spatial reuse through cell splitting. Differently from previous research studies, this paper specifically aims at evaluating and comparing the potential of LTE relay and micro deployment in a realistic metropolitan scenario. A heuristic deployment algorithm which combines network coverage and realistic spatial user density information is also proposed. The results show that for the downlink, in-band relays can be deployed to improve network coverage, but not substantially the network capacity due to the limitation of the wireless backhaul link. In-band micro deployment, on the other hand, is the best solution to boost downlink network capacity (up to 5 times), while also providing full network coverage.
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