Human astroviruses (HAstV)

During June 1997-June 1999 rotavirus infection was screened in infants aged up to 2 years and hospitalised with acute diarrhoea in São Luís, Northeastern Brazil. Altogether, 128 stool samples were collected from diarrhoeic patients and additional 122 faecal specimens from age and temporal matched inpatients without diarrhoea were obtained; rotavirus positivity rates for these groups were 32.0% (41/128) and 9.8% (12/122), respectively (p < 0.001). Both electropherotyping and serotyping could be performed in 42 (79.2%) of the 53 rotavirus-positive stool samples. Long and short electropherotypes were detected at similar rates--38.1% and 40.5% of specimens, respectively. Overall, a G serotype could be assigned for 35 (83.3%) of specimens, the majority of them (66.7%) bearing G1-serotype specificity. Taking both electropherotypes and serotypes together, G1 rotavirus strains displaying long and short RNA patterns accounted for 30.9% and 19.0% of tested specimens, respectively; all G2 strains had short electropherotype. Rotavirus gastroenteritis was detected year-round and, in 1998, the incidence rates tended to be higher during the second semester than in the first semester: 45.2% and 26.1% (p = 0.13), respectively. Rotavirus infections peaked at the second semester of life with frequencies of 30.1% and 13.5% for diarrhoeic children and controls, respectively. While the six rotavirus strains bearing G2-type specificity were circulating throughout the whole study period, G1 serotypes (n = 27) emerged as from June 1998 onwards, 20 (74.1%) of which clustering in 1998. These data underscore the importance of rotaviruses in the aetiology of severe infantile gastroenteritis in Northeastern Brazil and sustain the concept that a future vaccine should confer protection against more than one serotype.

Gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases during childhood, with norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) being two of its main causes. This study reports for the first time the incidence of these viruses in hospitalized children with and without gastroenteritis in São Luís, Maranhão. A total of 136 fecal samples were tested by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for the detection of NoV and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of both NoV and SaV. Positive samples for both agents were subjected to sequencing. The overall frequency of NoV as detected by EIA and RT-PCR was 17.6% (24/136) and 32.6% (15/46), respectively in diarrheic patients and 10.0% (9/90) in non-diarrheic patients (p < 0.01). Of the diarrheic patients, 17% had fever, vomiting and anorexia, and 13% developed fever, vomiting and abdominal pain. Of the 24 NoV-positive samples, 50% (12/24) were sequenced and classified as genotypes GII.3 (n = 1), GII.4 (6), GII.5 (1), GII.7 (2), GII.12 (1) and GII.16 (1). SaV frequency was 9.8% (11/112), with 22.6% (7/31) in diarrheic patients and 4.9% (4/81) in nondiarrheic (p = 0.04) ones. In diarrheic cases, 27.3% had fever, vomiting and anorexia, whereas 18.2% had fever, anorexia and abdominal pain. One SaV-positive sample was sequenced and classified as GII.1. These results show a high genetic diversity of NoV and higher prevalence of NoV compared to SaV. Our data highlight the importance of NoV and SaV as enteropathogens in São Luís, Maranhão.

Objetivo: Identificar o perfil de pacientes com Doença Inflamatória Intestinal acompanhados em serviço de Gastropediatria do Nordeste Brasileiro. Metodologia: Série de casos através da busca ativa de prontuários de abril a novembro de 2020, tendo como critério de inclusão o acompanhamento regular no serviço de Gastropediatria e de não inclusão prontuários incompletos (sem critérios clínicos, laboratoriais, endoscópicos e/ou histopatológicos de Doença Inflamatória Intestinal), com uma amostra final de 22 participantes. Resultados: A maioria era do sexo masculino (63,6%), portadora de Retocolite Ulcerativa (59,1%) e procedente da capital (63,6%). Os sintomas principais foram: diarreia com sangue (63,6%), dor abdominal (27,3%) e diarreia sem sangue (9%). Calprotectina Fecal estava elevada (88,9%) e anemia presente (77,3%). A maioria encontrava-se eutrófica (59,1%). Foram utilizados corticoide (72,7%) e Mesalazina (27,3%) na fase de remissão, enquanto Azatioprina (18,2%) e imunobiológicos (36,6%) no seguimento. Conclusão: Ainda são esperados mais trabalhos sobre essa temática, assim como são necessários profissionais capacitados e serviços de saúde efetivos para acolher precocemente e referenciar a longo prazo esses pacientes para melhorar a sua qualidade de vida e impactar positivamente na evolução da doença.

Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou descrever a literatura recente sobre humanização da assistência de enfermagem na saúde mental. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e Web of Science em busca de publicações datadas entre 2011 e 2021. Resultados: Foram identificados oito artigos. As ações principais de humanização de enfermagem foram: Desenvolver escuta terapêutica e empática; estabelecer relação terapêutica; participar do reestabelecimento de cidadania e autonomia; e considerar as necessidades do núcleo familiar. As principais barreiras para a humanização da assistência identificadas foram: Prática automatizada e tecnicista; rede de atenção em saúde mental desarticulada; uso de violência; sobrecarga de trabalho; e preconceito. Conclusão: Considera-se que a enfermagem tem papel importante na construção do cuidado humanizado à pessoa com demandas de saúde mental e este cuidado deve ser construído com base na luta antimanicomial e no respeito à condição humana.