Background: Dietary intervention in multiple sclerosis carries potential therapeutic implications. While studies utilizing animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have demonstrated intriguing findings, well-designed clinical trials are few in number. Objective: The objective of this study is to review the animal model and clinical literature regarding dietary factors in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and MS. Methods: This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of current animal model and clinical knowledge related to dietary factors in MS. Results: While there is currently little data for any specific diet in MS, there is growing evidence that certain dietary factors may influence the disease. Conclusions: Definitive information regarding dietary factors as a modifiable risk factor in MS will require larger randomized clinical trials.
Introduction: Individuals born with intrauterine growth restriction develop cardiovascular disease. We employed hepatic microarray-based expression profiling of male rat offspring born to mothers subjected to combined intrauterine and postnatal calorie restriction (IPCR) as a discovery driven experiment to interrogate intrauterine growth restriction. These studies identified that the expression of Apobec1 and Apobec1 complementation factor (A1CF), genes known to edit apolipoprotein B (ApoB) mRNA through the epigenetic process of cytosine deamination, are decreased in IPCR. Editing of ApoB mRNA at position 666 changes the ribonucleotide base from a cytosine to a uracil (U) and controls the production of ApoB100 and ApoB48 lipoproteins. Hypothesis: IPCR decreases hepatic ApoB mRNA editing in male offspring through transcriptional regulation of Apobec1 and A1CF. Methods: Pyrosequencing designed to interrogate ApoB mRNA editing was used to quantify hepatic ApoB100 and ApoB48 transcripts in an experiment employing the male offspring (litters culled to 6 male offspring for each mother) from 4 control fed mothers and 4 mothers subjected to 50% calorie restriction from embryonic day 11 to postnatal day 21 (IPCR). RT-qPCR and western blotting were employed to quantify the hepatic expression of Apobec1 and A1CF. Serum ApoB100 and Apo48 were quantified by ELISA. Results: ApoB transcripts in the control fed offspring were edited, with a U base call of 55 ± 2% at position 666, whereas IPCR offspring possessed decreased editing with a U base call of 12 ± 1% (n=12 for each group; F=368; p<0.0001). The RT-qPCR relative quotient (RQ) in the IPCR group was 0.2 ± 0.1 (F=107;p<0.0001) and 0.4 ± 0.1 (F=25;p<0.0001) for Apobec1 and A1CF, respectively (RQ=1 in the control fed offspring for both Apobec1 and A1CF). Relative to control, IPCR treatment significantly decreased hepatic Apobec1 and A1CF proteins by 45% ± 10 and 27 % ± 9.2 respectively. IPCR treatment increased serum ApoB100 by 1.5 fold ± 0.43 (p= 0.051) and significantly decreased ApoB48 by 0.8 fold ± 0.1 (n=6) compared to control. Conclusion: These data define a novel association of IPCR and ApoB editing through a nutritionally controlled epigenetic process working through transcriptional control of Apobec1 and A1CF.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disorder characterized by the formation of diffuse thromboses in small blood vessels, which can result in neurological and renal impairment, fever, and purpura, among additional sequelae. TTP-like syndromes are disease processes that have similar signs and symptoms as TTP but without a severe deficiency in ADAMTS13 levels. We present a case of a young male with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis presenting with a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Although his ADAMTS13 level was not suggestive of TTP, at 54.4% (normal low ADAMTS13: >66.8% activity; severe ADAMTS13 deficiency: ≤10% activity), he improved only after plasmapheresis was initiated, supporting a diagnosis of a TTP-like syndrome likely due to his streptococcal meningitis. We discuss the importance of treating patients with TTP-like syndromes and advanced HIV with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We also highlight the increased prevalence of TMA and TTP among HIV patients and that many of these patients do not have a severe deficiency in levels of serum ADAMTS13.
e17012 Background: XIAP acts in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways as an inhibitor of cell death, protecting cells from a range of triggers. Regulation due to apoptosis resistance may represent a targetable factor for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer. This study focuses on XIAP as a biomarker and its expression in correlation with disease aggression. Methods: Expression levels of XIAP was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), graded 1 through 3 according to signal intensity, in radical prostatectomy samples from 90 patients with prostate cancer with a range of phenotypes including: indolent (A), locally advanced (B), progressive to metastatic (C) and de novo metastatic (D). Prognostic data was collected and Fisher’s exact statistical analysis was performed. Secondary analyses included a Fisher’s exact test with a pairwise comparison between individual disease grades and Gleason scores. Results: Higher XIAP protein expression levels on IHC correlated with disease grade and with total Gleason score (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.0002 respectively) by Fisher’s exact test analysis, indicating more aggressive disease phenotypes. Secondary results looked at a pairwise Fisher’s exact analysis comparing XIAP expression levels among disease grades (A-D) and Gleason scores. XIAP expression only significantly differed between those with grade A and D as well as between individuals with grades B and D (measured by Bonferroni-adjusted p-value of 0.003 and 0.018 respectively). Statistical significance was also achieved in XIAP expression levels when comparing among Gleason scores 6 and 8 (p = 0.025), 6 and 9 (p = 0.0125), as well as 7 and 9 (p = 0.030). Conclusions: This study demonstrates a correlation between XIAP expression levels by IHC and aggressiveness of disease, demonstrating clinical significance of XIAP as a prostate cancer biomarker. [Table: see text]
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