A multiclass methodology to determine deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and 13 widely used fungicides to control the main diseases in barley and wheat crops was optimized and validated. Three QuEChERS methods were compared in terms of recovery and repeatability. The recoveries of the validated method were in the 67–128% range for the selected compounds and relative standard deviations were below 20% according to Document SANTE No. 12682/2019. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 10 and 100 μg kg–1. The method was applied for the analysis of barley and wheat grains obtained under production conditions. These samples contained mycotoxins and fungicide residues at concentrations below the LOQs, except for carbendazim in wheat, which exceeded the Codex maximum residue levels. The results of this study provide a fast and simple analytical tool to evaluate the primary production of these grains and to identify possible risks to human health.
Pesticides have become an essential input for agriculture in the last decades. However, the growing concern about the potential impact produced by such dependency on human health and the environmental level has led to strong questionings about the use of pesticides worldwide. This paper aims to analyze the use of pesticides in Uruguay's agriculture and their potential risks with an emphasis on ecotoxicological risks. For such purposes, data on imports and use of pesticides in Uruguay and some other agricultural regions corresponding to the last two decades (2000-2020) were collected. In addition, information on the risks associated with the use of different pesticides compiled in the Pesticide Properties Database of the University of Hertfordshire was reviewed, as well as information generated by related national and international research. The information collected indicates high intensity usage of pesticides in Uruguayan agriculture and uncertainties in relation to environmental risks that may arise from the current forms of use.
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SUMMARYIn recent years there has been a substantial increase in health problems on Eucalyptus spp. plantations elsewhere. Several diseases are currently affecting this crop, predominantly those caused by fungi. However, bacterial diseases have globally increased in importance. Eucalyptus plant pathogenic bacteria can cause: i) leaf spots, ii) shoot blight and iii) vascular wilt. Bacterial leaf spots have been associated with genera Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Pantoea and Rhizobiaceae, being Xanthomonas axonopodis the predominant species. Bacterial die-back of bacterial shoot blight can be caused by several species, namely Erwinia psidii, Pantoea ananatis, Enterobacter cowanii, Xanthomonas campestris and X. vasicola, whereas vascular wilt has been associated with Ralstonia solanacearum and Erwinia psidii. These diseases represent a potential risk for forestry production, as reported in different climatic zones worldwide causing serious economic loss, in both nursery and field, affecting a wide host range in the genus Eucalyptus, and some species of Psidium. In addition, the effective dissemination of these bacterial diseases makes controlling them difficult, thus the deployment of genetic resistance germplasm is strongly recommended to minimize the impact of these diseases.Key words: plant pathogenic bacteria, leaf spots, die-back, vascular wilt. RESUMENEn los últimos años se ha observado un aumento sustantivo de las problemáticas sanitarias en las plantaciones de Eucalyptus spp. (eucalipto) Diversas enfermedades afectan actualmente a este cultivo, predominando aquellas causadas por hongos. Sin embargo, las enfermedades de origen bacteriano han aumentado su importancia a nivel mundial. Las bacterias fitopatógenas en eucalipto pueden causar: i) manchas foliares, ii) tizón apical y iii) marchitamiento vascular. En el mundo, las manchas foliares bacterianas han sido asociadas a los géneros Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Pantoea y Rhizobiaceae, siendo Xanthomonas axonopodis la especie predominante. El tizón bacteriano puede ser causado por distintas especies bacterianas, Erwinia psidii, Pantoea ananatis, Enterobacter cowanii, Xanthomonas campestris y X. vasicola. Mientras que el marchitamiento vascular ha sido asociado a Ralstonia solanacearum y Erwinia psidii. Estas enfermedades representan un potencial riesgo para la producción forestal, ya que han sido reportadas en diversas zonas climáticas del mundo ocasionando graves pérdidas económicas, tanto en vivero como en campo, pudiendo afectar un amplio rango de hospederos dentro del género Eucalyptus, como también algunas especies del género Psidium. Sumado a esto, las bacterias se diseminan con facilidad dificultando su control, por lo que la principal medida de manejo es la utilización de germoplasma con mejor comportamiento sanitario.Palabras clave: bacterias fitopatógenas, manchas foliares, tizón apical, marchitamiento vascular. INTRODUCCIÓNLa superficie plantada con eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) ha ido en aumento a nivel mundial, superando actualmente los...
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