The aim of this study was to analyse the viability of supplementation of Agaricus subrufescens compost with different organic materials, using three commercial strains.Compost was prepared by the traditional method and was used as a control (without supplementation). Six supplements were applied and can be separated into four categories: (i) commercial supplements (recommended to Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus); (ii) supplements based on agro-industrial waste (provided by peanut and acerola juice); (iii) supplements based on noble grains (a mix with bran of soybean, corn, and cotton); and (iv) a blend of supplements (ii) and (iii) (peanut waste, acerola juice waste, and noble grains-a mixture of 33.3% each). The results showed that the practice of supplementation is an important tool to improve the yield in the industrial production of A. subrufescens. Waste materials and noble grains can be selected as quality supplements. The use of appropriated strains is essential for the success of the supplementation practice.
new species of medicinal mushrooms have emerged over the past several decades, such as the Sun mushroom, Agaricus subrufescens. Horticultural improvements are required to shift its cultivation from small-scale local production to large-scale international production. the research reported here evaluated the agronomic behavior and the chemical characteristics of the Sun mushroom as a function of i) nutritional supplementation ii) ruffling of the casing layer and iii) the temperature management on the primordia induction and reduction of the crop cycle. Supplementation was beneficial for yield, unit mushroom weigh and decrease in time to first harvest. Supplementation improved biological efficiency with Champfood providing a yield increase of 15% over the non-supplemented compost. Among the supplements only Promycel increased the individual mushroom weight. Ruffling overall improved the yield in the 2 nd and 4 th flush. Already biological efficiency was greater by 21%. The highest yield harvested in any single day in the crop occurred in 3 rd flush with the amount of 2.484 kg of mushrooms per m 2 for the rapid induction method. Still the biological efficiency was not significantly affected by the mushroom induction temperature method. only the fat content of the mushrooms was positively affected by the rapid induction of primordia. Champfood supplement promotes a reduction in the value of earliness and an increase of 1 st flush yield. The ruffling technique provided an increase in biological efficiency due to the great number of mushrooms harvested. Rapid primordia induction allowed the crop cycle to end 3 days earlier than the slow primordia induction, providing a higher production rate. New species of medicinal mushrooms have emerged over the past decades. One such mushroom is the Sun mushroom, reported as Agaricus subrufescens Peck, Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al. and Agaricus blazei (Murrill) ss. Heinemann 1-4. This species has been cultivated on a small-farm scale in Brazil for many years. In 2017 Royse et al. 5 reported that world mushroom production is divided among several genera: Lentinula (22%), Pleurotus (19%), Auricularia (18%), Agaricus (15%), Flammulina (11%), Volvariella (5%) and others (10%). In the discussion of Agaricus these authors did not mention the Sun mushroom. In 2018 Sanchez et al. 6 noted that the only country in the Americas that cultivated the Sun mushroom was Brazil. Agaricus subrufescens along with Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes and other non-Agaricus represented only 6% of the total production in Brazil. Changes in horticultural technologies are required to shift production from small-scale local producers to large-scale commercial production with international markets. Two main challenges in the cultivation of Sun mushroom are the compost nutrition and its long cultivation cycle 7,8. Production of A. subrufescens generally follows that of Agsricus bisporus. Despite this, the cultivation of the button mushroom has a much shorter cultivation cycle and a much higher yield....
Synthetic fertilization can increase maize yields, but also cause environmental impacts, as well as increasing production costs and food security risks. Sun mushroom (Agaricus subrufescens) is an important Brazilian fungus used to generate large amounts of spent mushroom substrate. This residue can be used for maize fertilization, but little is known about its ideal application rates to reduce maize dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of a maize crop under different combinations of synthetic fertilizers and two different spent mushroom substrate doses. The experiment was carried out in pots and evaluated maize germinate and biometric parameters, as well as soil and leaf chemical characteristics. The results showed that residue application increased maize germination and Emergence Speed Index. Regarding the maize biometric parameters, height, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry masses, and leaf area were superior for residue with synthetic fertilization at sowing only at higher doses. Moreover, residue with synthetic fertilization at sowing proved to be more relevant for maize growth according to canonical discriminant analysis. In terms of nutrients, the use of spent mushroom substrate increased significantly leaf P, K, and S levels and mainly K content in the soil, justifying non-application at maize topdressing.
It is well-known that bacteria and fungi play important roles in the relationships between mycelium growth and the formation of fruiting bodies. The sun mushroom, Agaricus subrufescens, was discovered in Brazil ca. 1960 and it has become known worldwide due to its medicinal and nutritional properties. This work evaluated the bacterial community present in mushroom-colonized compost extract (MCCE) prepared from cultivation of A. subrufescens, its dynamics with two different soaking times and the influence of the application of those extracts on the casing layer of a new compost block for A. subrufescens cultivation. MCCEs were prepared through initial submersion of the colonized compost for 1 h or 24 h in water followed by application on casing under semi-controlled conditions. Full-length 16S rRNA genes of 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE were amplified and sequenced using nanopore technology. Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Planctomycetes, were found to be the most abundant phyla in both the 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE. A total of 275 different bacterial species were classified from 1 h soaked MCCE samples and 166 species from 24 h soaked MCCE, indicating a decrease in the bacterial diversity with longer soaking time during the preparation of MCCE. The application of 24 h soaked MCCE provided increases of 25% in biological efficiency, 16% in precociousness, 53% in the number of mushrooms and 40% in mushroom weight compared to control. Further investigation is required to determine strategies to enhance the yield and quality of the agronomic traits in commercial mushroom cultivation.
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