Two novel non-fullerene acceptors, SN6IC and SN6IC-4F, based on an S,N-heteroacene backbone were designed and synthesized. The cyclopentadiene fragments of commonly used acceptors were replaced with pyrrole rings to improve the electron-donating ability to increase the energy levels of the molecules. Both acceptors match well with the absorption and energy levels of the polymer donor PBDB-T, and PBDB-T:SN6IC-4F-based solar cells showed an excellent power conversion efficiency of 13.2%, with a relatively small V OC loss of 0.54 eV. This study proves that the introduction of a nitrogen atom to replace the sp 3 -hybridized carbon in the fused ring is very effective for making highly efficient NFAs to further improve the performance of organic solar cells.
Invasive breast cancer has a high risk of recurrence to incurable disease and needs improved prognostic and therapeutic tools. Our work combines clinical and molecular analyses to show that the transcriptional repressor HBP1 may be a new target for invasive breast cancer. Previous work indicated that HBP1 regulated proliferation and senescence and inhibited Wnt signaling. Two of these functions have been associated with invasive breast cancer. In 76 breast tumors, we identified 10 HBP1 mutations/variants that were associated with fully invasive breast cancer. In a separate analysis, we found that a subset of invasive breast cancer specimens also had reduced HBP1 mRNA levels. These clinical correlations suggested that mutation or reduction of HBP1 occurs in invasive breast cancer and that HBP1 might regulate the proliferation and invasiveness of this breast cancer type. Analysis of the HBP1 mutants showed they were functionally defective for suppressing Wnt signaling. To test the consequences of reduced HBP1 levels, we used RNA interference to knock down HBP1 and observed increased Wnt signaling, tumorigenic proliferation, and invasiveness in cell and animal breast cancer models. Lastly, statistical analysis of a breast cancer patient database linked reduced HBP1 expression to breast cancer recurrence. In considering two-gene criteria for relapse potential, reduced expression of HBP1 and SFRP1, which is another Wnt inhibitor that was recently linked to invasive breast cancer, strikingly correlated with recurrence. Together, these data indicate that HBP1 may be a molecularly and clinically relevant regulator of breast cancer transitions that eventually lead to poor prognosis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6136-45]
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