Dissolved
organic matter (DOM) exists ubiquitously in environments
and plays critical roles in pollutant mitigation, transformation,
and organic geochemical cycling. Understanding its properties and
environmental behaviors is critically important to develop water treatment
processes and environmental remediation strategies. Generalized two-dimensional
correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS), which has numerous advantages, including
enhancing spectral resolution and discerning specific order of structural
change under an external perturbation, could be used as a powerful
tool to interpret a wide range of spectroscopic signatures relating
to DOM. A suite of spectroscopic signatures, such as UV–vis,
fluorescence, infrared, and Raman spectra that can be analyzed by
2DCOS, is able to provide additional structural information hiding
behind the conventional one-dimensional spectra. In this article,
the most recent advances in 2DCOS applications for analyzing DOM-related
environmental processes are reviewed, and the state-of-the-art novel
spectroscopic techniques in 2DCOS are highlighted. Furthermore, the
main limitations and requirements of current approaches for exploring
DOM-related environmental processes and how these limitations and
drawbacks can be addressed are explored. Finally, suggestions and
new approaches are proposed to significantly advance the development
of 2DCOS in analyzing the properties and behaviors of DOM in natural
and engineered environments.
Scope
Sulforaphane (SFN) is reported to reduce the accumulation of lipids. However, the underling mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the potential of SFN to improve lipid metabolism is investigated through altering mitochondrial function and biogenesis‐related mechanisms.
Methods and Results
The abnormal lipid metabolism model was established both in HHL‐5 cells and in rats by feeding a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. The current findings suggest that SFN alleviates the swelling of mitochondria and stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. The reduced expression of NRF1 and TFAM, were reversed by SFN. SFN increases the levels of antioxidant compounds via nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor (Nrf2) activation. Furthermore, SFN improves multiple mitochondrial bioactivities, such as mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP, and the electron transfer chain based on PGC‐1α pathway. SFN also activates lipolysis by transcriptionally upregulating adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL).
Conclusions
SFN enhances utilization of lipids via both the PGC‐ 1α‐dependent promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and Nrf2 dependent improvement of mitochondrial function.
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