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Abstract:In this study, copolymers based on 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (BCz) and three 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene derivatives (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), 3,4-(2,2-dimethylpropylenedioxy) thiophene (ProDOT-Me 2 ), and 3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene (EDTT)) were electrochemically synthesized and their electrochemical and electrochromic properties were characterized. The anodic copolymer P(BCz-co-ProDOT) with BCz/ProDOT-Me 2 = 1/1 feed molar ratio showed high optical contrast (∆T%) and coloring efficiency (η), measured as 52.5% and 153.5 cm 2 ·C −1 at 748 nm, respectively. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on P(BCz-co-EDOT), P(BCz-co-ProDOT), and P(BCz-co-EDTT) as anodic polymer layers, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as cathodic polymer layer were fabricated. P(BCz-co-ProDOT)/triple-layer PEDOT-PSS ECD showed three different colors (light yellow, yellowish-blue, and dark blue) at different applied potentials. In addition, the highest optical contrast (∆T%) of P(BCz-co-ProDOT)/triple-layer PEDOT-PSS ECD was found to be 41% at 642 nm and the coloration efficiency was calculated to be 416.5 cm 2 ·C −1 at 642 nm. All ECDs showed satisfactory optical memories and electrochemical cyclic stability.

2,6-Di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pyridine (DiCP) was synthesized and its corresponding homopolymer (PDiCP) and copolymers (P(DiCP- co -CPDT), P(DiCP- co -CPDT2), P(DiCP- co -CPDTK), and P(DiCP- co -CPDTK2)) were synthesized electrochemically. The anodic copolymer with DiCP:cyclopentadithiophene ketone (CPDTK) = 1:1 feed molar ratio showed high transmittance change (Δ T %) and colouration efficiency ( η ), which were measured as 39.5% and 184.1 cm 2 C −1 at 1037 nm, respectively. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) were composed of PDiCP, P(DiCP- co -CPDT), P(DiCP- co -CPDT2), P(DiCP- co -CPDTK), and P(DiCP- co -CPDTK2) as anodically-colouring polymers, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as cathodically-colouring polymers. P(DiCP- co -CPDTK)/PEDOT-PSS ECD showed light silverish-yellow at 0.0 V, light grey at 0.7 V, grey at 1.3 V, light greyish blue at 1.7 V, and greyish blue at 2.0 V. Moreover, P(DiCP- co -CPDTK)/PEDOT-PSS ECD presented high Δ T (38.2%) and high η (633.8 cm 2 C −1 ) at 635 nm.

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