Although there is a plethora of mobile learning studies, relatively little attention has been paid to the roles of self-management of learning and personal learning initiative on mobile English learning outcomes. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study is not only to examine the links between perceived flexibility advantage, self-management of learning, mobile English learning continuance intention and performance, but also to explore the moderating role of personal learning initiative in mobile language learning outcomes. A total of 323 undergraduate students with mobile English learning experience took part in this study. The partial least-squares structural equation modelling analysis and SPSS PROCESS (model 7) were utilised to assess the data. The study findings have not only indicated the perceived flexibility advantage and self-management of learning will have a positive influence on mobile English learning continuance intention and performance, but also revealed that mobile English learning continuance intention will mediate the link between perceived flexibility advantage and mobile English learning performance. Moreover, it has been found that personal learning initiative will play a moderating role in reinforcing the positive relationship between perceived flexibility advantage and mobile English learning continuance intention.

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PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on sport spectator's decision-making using extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB).Design/methodology/approachAn on-site survey was conducted for individuals (N = 408) who attended professional baseball games held in Taiwan.FindingsStructural equation modeling indicated that the proposed EMGB offered a comprehensive perspective on the complicated decision-making process of sporting event spectators, which increased the explanatory power for predicting future game attending intentions. Specifically, positive anticipated emotion, subjective norm, past behavior, perceived behavioral control and attitude were important determinants of desire, which in turn influenced behavioral intention. The perception of CSR initiatives also played a role in the development of both desire and behavioral intention.Originality/valueBased on the findings, sport managers should consider integrating CSR actions into management and marketing strategies to enhance individuals' desire and intention to attend games. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use MGB to study sport spectating, hence extending theoretical development of MGB.

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