Aim of the Study. This paper summarizes the traditional uses, botany, chemical composition, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology of Arisaematis rhizoma (hereafter referred to as AR). In addition, the future development and research prospect of AR were discussed in detail. Although many traditional uses of AR have been confirmed, it is essential to study the relationship between its structure and function, clarify the mechanism of pharmacological action, and explore new clinical applications. Materials and Methods. This review is a collection of all possible studies on AR, published in scientific journals, papers, and books. Using the papers related to Arisaematis, such as ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Springer Link, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang Database. In this paper, the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of AR were reviewed. Finally, the existing problems and research directions of the research on AR are discussed. Results. Ninety-eight chemical constituents were isolated from AR. AR has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as the effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. It also has anti-tumor, sedative, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, and other effects. It is also considered an effective drug for in vitro and in vivo validation. Conclusions. AR is an excellent traditional medicinal plant in China. Pharmacological studies support the traditional use of AR and may verify the folk use of AR in the treatment of different diseases. The anti-tumor effect of AR has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad. It has become a hot spot in recent years and has made great contributions to the survival and development of human beings. Although it has a high value of comprehensive utilization, its development and utilization are far from enough. Therefore, the comprehensive development of AR is worthy of further analysis.
Arisaema cum Bile (Dan Nan Xing, DNX) had a history of nearly one thousand years in clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. It was mainly used to treat pediatric diseases such as convulsion and hyperthermia. However, the current fermentation technology of DNX was lack of scientific explanation, and there was no unified standard. Therefore, this paper study on the relationship between microorganisms and odor by 16SrRNA and GC-IMS technology in the fermentation technology of DNX, and expounds the scientificity of DNX "fermenting in bovine gallbladder for 100 days" and "increasing bile fermentation DNX ". This study prepared DNX with different fermentation time and different fermentation times of numbers, according to the records of 《Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue》(小儿药证直决) and 《Yi Sheng Wei Lun》(颐生微论). 16SrRNA sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, streptophyta, Bacteroidetes and actinobacteria were active in DNX samples. GC-IMS technology detected 41 volatile substances in DNX, mainly including alcohols, esters, aldehydes etc. According to the results of KEGG analysis between flora and odor metabolism pathway, the above flora may affect the content of esters, alcools, acids and aldehyde compounds of DNX by alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism ways, etc. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Nocardiopsis and Acidovorax were significantly negatively correlated with ammonia. Ammonia was one of the main volatile components of the stink smell of DNX, and the stink smell of DNX was weakened, which was convenient for clinical patients to take. There was no significant difference in the relative abundance of Acidovorax between FJ3M and FJ33M, but the abundance was lower in FJ6M. Nocardiopsis began to increase in FJ3M DNX sample, and the abundance was higher in FJ6M. In addition, compared with MJ, it was found that both Acidovorax in nature and in bovine bile played a role in DNX fermentation, but Acidovorax in bovine bile contributed more. Nocardiopsis was carried by bovine bile itself. This result was helpful to expound the scientificity of "DNX fermentation for 100 days" in the《Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue》, and can provide a scientific basis for the fermentation and processing technology of DNX.
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