The energy-efficiency issue of switched-capacitor converters is still a controversial topic that requires a more in-depth discussion. In this paper, we address the issue by dividing the analysis of the entire efficiency problem into two parts. In the first part, the efficiency of a capacitor-charging RC circuit under different aspects (partial charging, full charging, at zero capacitor voltage, at nonzero capacitor voltage, etc.) will be conducted. The efficiency analysis of a capacitor-discharging RC circuit with a resistor, capacitor, and paralleled resistor-capacitor loads will be covered. A complete evaluation of the overall efficiency is then performed in terms of both the charging and discharging efficiencies. Based on the analysis, some design rules useful for developing highefficiency switched-capacitor converters is suggested. Additionally, it is shown that the belief that quasi-switched-capacitor converters are more lossy than switched-capacitor converters is a common misconception.

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-A switching dc-dc hverter in closed-loop steady-state constitutes an operating point in the space of parameters describing its model. The inadequacy of conventional design of regulated converters, which is based on the assumption of smallsignal perturbations about a single operating point, is addressed. A systematic and general modelling based on a grid-point approach is thus proposed. Under this modelling approach, multiple operating points within the parameter space are reduced to some defined grid-points describing the complete operation space of a regulated converter subjected to large-signal disturbances. The operation subspace of a given grid-point is analyzed. An example based on a PWM-type h t converter is to be given.