Fluorinated amino acids serve as powerful tools in protein chemistry. We synthesized a series of para-substituted tetrafluorophenylalanines via the regioselective S(NAr) chemistry of the commercially available pentafluorophenylalanine Boc-Z. These novel unnatural amino acids display distinct (19)F NMR signatures, making them powerful tools for analyzing protein-membrane interactions with NMR spectroscopy.
The DBS artifact is so prominent in paraspinal muscles that it will not allow standard EMG examination for diagnostic purposes such as radiculopathy. The artifact itself can easily be distinguished from pathological insertional and spontaneous activity.
Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may play an important role in the development and maintenance of persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Post-injury breathing dysfunction, which is influenced by the ANS, has not been well-studied in youth. This study evaluated cardiorespiratory functioning at baseline in youth patients with PPCS and examined the relationship of cardiorespiratory variables with neurobehavioral outcomes. Participants were between the ages of 13–25 in two groups: (1) Patients with PPCS (concussion within the past 2–16 months; n = 13) and (2) non-injured controls (n = 12). Capnometry was used to obtain end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), oxygen saturation (SaO2), respiration rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR) at seated rest. PPCS participants exhibited a reduced mean value of EtCO2 in exhaled breath (M = 36.3 mmHg, SD = 2.86 mmHg) and an altered inter-correlation between EtCO2 and RR compared to controls. Neurobehavioral outcomes including depression, severity of self-reported concussion symptoms, cognitive catastrophizing, and psychomotor processing speed were correlated with cardiorespiratory variables when the groups were combined. Overall, results from this study suggest that breathing dynamics may be altered in youth with PPCS and that cardiorespiratory outcomes could be related to a dimension of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with poorer recovery from concussion.
ObjectiveTo examine the feasibility and tolerability of administering a brief autonomic assessment via capnometry and pupillometry in an outpatient concussion clinic.BackgroundBoth acute and chronic phases of concussion have been associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation. Few concussion clinics currently employ autonomic assessments, which could enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment recommendations. Although less-studied in outpatient concussion clinics, pupillometry and capnometry are two well-validated, peripheral autonomic assessment approaches that together provide information about both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. In addition to being objective measures, they are fast and non-invasive. In order to investigate the potential utility of these measures as an addition to clinic procedures, the present study sought to examine their feasibility and tolerability as an adjunctive assessment in clinic.Design/MethodsThis project employed a prospective, observational research design. Eight patients (ages 20–65, 4 females) diagnosed with concussion (>1 month post injury) underwent a 2-minute baseline capnometry that measured end-tidal CO2, respiration rate, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation. Their pupillary response to light was captured using a pupillometer. Tolerability and feasibility were measured via the following metrics: patient tolerability and comfort Likert scales and administration details (e.g., total duration, logistical difficulties, clinic flow variables).ResultsAverage rating of comfort for the capnometer and pupillometer were between comfortable (4) to very comfortable (5) on a 5-point Likert scale. There were no difficulties due to participant discomfort or time limitations among all patients, and minimal issues with administration logistics were noted. Both measures were completed for all participants in <5 minutes.ConclusionsCapnometry and pupillometry were found to be both tolerable among patients and feasible to administer in a concussion clinic. Given the ease of administration, further studies should investigate the utility of these portable devices in concussion clinics to objectively identify those at risk for persistent post-concussion symptoms and for early treatment stratification.
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