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World Bank Working Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to journal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and normally will grant permission for use.

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for their invaluable comments and suggestions. The authors particularly appreciate the guidance and support of Caroline Freund, Global Director of Trade, Investment and Competitiveness at the World Bank.The team thanks the following programs and donors for making this report possible through their financial contributions: the Improving Business Environment for Prosperity (IBEP) program, with support from the UK Prosperity Fund managed by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO); and the Competitive Industries and Innovation Program (CIIP), with support from the European Union and the governments of Austria, Norway, and Switzerland.The team is also grateful to the many reviewers who provided thoughtful insights and guidance at both the concept and decision stages.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.