Nutritional assessment is critical in cancer care to maintain quality of life and improve survival. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) may be a practical tool to assess nutritional status and predict survival. This study aimed to examine survival using GNRI in advanced-stage pancreatic cancer (PC). The retrospective analysis used data of patients with stage III or IV PC. Inclusion criteria: age > 18 and hospital admission for at least three days at or following diagnosis between 2014 and 2017. Data collected: demographics, albumin levels, BMI and weight. Days between the first and last admission, median survival and GNRI scores calculated. Patients categorized into groups: any nutritional risk (GNRI ≤ 98) and no nutritional risk (GNRI > 98). 102 patients had a median survival of 87.5 days and mean GNRI of 98.7. Patients surviving longer than 90 days showed higher mean weight (p = 0.0128), albumin (p = 0.0002) and BMI (p = 0.0717) at the first admission. Mean survival days for patients at any nutritional risk were 110 days compared to 310 days for no nutritional risk (p = 0.0002). GNRI score at first admission after diagnosis is associated with survival. It is vital to monitor nutritional status using weight and albumin to promote increased survival from diagnosis.
Apelin is a promising biomarker for the detection and prognosis of cancer. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on associations of circulating apelin with cancer, illustrate knowledge gaps, and discuss future research. Following PRISMA guidelines, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched using terms “cancer AND apelin” between 2011 and 2021, full text, and English language. Inclusion criteria: measured circulating apelin in adults 18 years or older with cancer, and observational, cross-sectional, longitudinal, case–control, cohort, quasi-experimental, or randomized control trials. Excluded were studies with animal models, tissue samples only, secondary data analyses, systematic reviews, literature reviews, grey literature, and conference abstracts. 16 articles were included. There were significant variations in measurement methods between studies. Comparison of circulating apelin between cases and controls and associations of circulating apelin with clinicopathological characteristics were inconsistent. Variations in results suggest that the relationship between circulating apelin and cancer differs among cancer types. Differences in measurement methods between studies highlight the need for consistency in future research to draw meaningful conclusions. Future research should seek to standardize methods of detecting circulating apelin and examine its associations with specific cancer types to determine what role that circulating apelin may play in cancer development and progression.
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