Although there is a plethora of studies which examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on India’s financial sector, we contribute by investigating the effect of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on stock returns of Indian pharmaceutical companies. By employing an event study methodology, our results indicate that the average returns of the pharmaceutical sector are positive during the COVID-19 phase although mixed evidence is found at the firm level. This finding is also robust to alternative model specifications.
Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are the most common and serious complications in uncontrolled diabetes. Infections are predominantly polymicrobial, with aerobic Gram-positive, anerobic, and fungal infections. Early detection of fungal infection and initiation of appropriate treatment in DFUs may lead to better healing and avoid amputations. The primary objective was to find out the prevalence of DFUs getting infected with fungus and the secondary objective was to identify the appropriate methodology for the detection of the fungus in DFUs.Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study carried out in a tertiary care hospital with a sample size of 60 DFUs. Microbiological analysis was done by swab culture and deep tissue culture. Observational data were collected and the significance level was statistically analyzed.Results: In the present study, the prevalence of fungal infections in DFUs was 31.7%. Only fungal tissue was positive in 15%, the fungal swab was positive in 8.33%, and both tissue and swab were positive in 8.33%. All these patients were treated with antifungal treatment as per the culture report in addition to appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Conclusion:A fungal culture should be done in all patients with non-healing DFUs. Both fungal swab and tissue culture testing should be advocated in patients with DFUs for better mycological evaluation. The addition of antifungal medications may provide better outcomes in selected cases.
Purpose: The study examines the impact of institutional quality on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows for emerging economies from South Asiain the period 2002-2016. Other economic factors such as globalisation, financial development, and GDP are also considered. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study uses Im-Pesaran-Shin (IPS) panel unit root test to check stationarity property. It uses cross dependency (CD) and cross-sectional augments IPS tests to check cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity across the group countries. Next, it uses panel ARDL-PMG tests to check the existence of long-relationship among variables. Then, we apply the panel Granger causality test to check the direction of causality. Finally, for the robustness of results, we use the Pedroni co-integration technique. Findings: The study finds the existence of a long-run relationship between institutional quality and FDI inflows. Other economic factors such as globalization and financial development show long-run and strong causality with FDI inflows. However, the short-run unidirectional causality from institutional quality to FDI inflows is not found for all the countries. Finally, institutional quality strongly causes FDI inflows provided paired with either globalisation or financial development. Practical Implications: Institutional quality increases the FDI inflows. Therefore, policymakers should focus on institutional quality along with globalization and financial development for higher inflows of FDI in emerging countries. Originality/Value: The study considers institutional quality as one of the inputs for FDI inflows in selected emerging economies from South Asia. Further, it creates an institutional quality index for the emerging countries to examine the impact on FDI inflows.
Diabetes mellitus predisposes to the formation of gallstones. Surgery for gallstone disease (GSD) in diabetic patients also carries more risk compared with nondiabetic patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the intraoperative findings of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in diabetics and nondiabetics.
MethodsThis study was carried out for two years in the department of general surgery as a prospective observational study. Two groups of patients with uncomplicated gallstone disease were recruited: one group included 75 diabetics and the other one included 75 nondiabetics. The two study groups were matched by age and gender. Detailed history and intraoperative findings and their outcomes were recorded. Patients with emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and its complications and cholecystectomy associated with common bile duct (CBD) stones were excluded from the study.
ResultsThe results of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the groups were compared. No demographic differences were found between the groups. Adverse intraoperative findings such as thick-walled gallbladder (GB), pericholecystic collections, and adhesions to the surrounding structures, surgical difficulties, modification to subtotal cholecystectomy, and open conversion were more frequent in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients.
ConclusionLaparoscopic cholecystectomy in diabetic patients had more adverse intraoperative findings in comparison to nondiabetic patients. However, in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, good preoperative preparation and meticulous surgical technique are mandatory to achieve similar outcomes between the groups.
Background: Hemorrhoids being a common anorectal problem with its well known morbidity and complications is treated since long by conservative measures, injection sclerotherapy or rubber banding for 1st and 2nd degree and by open Miligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy or closed Fergusson hemorrhoidectomy for 3rd and 4th degree. However, since 1998, the adoption of Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy has proved over time to be a better alternative in terms of lesser postoperative complication and an overall patient satisfaction.Methods: A prospective study conducted on 114 patients at Department of General Surgery, Kalinga institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha from May 2014 to December 2016.Results: Our study showed stapled hemorrhoidopexy, significantly reduced the time taken for the operative procedure (p <0.001), post operative pain (p <0.01), hospital stay along with early return to work and a better patient satisfaction.Conclusions: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is an effective alternative to open Miligan-Morgan procedure in treating 3rd and 4th degree hemorrhoids, in terms of lesser time taken for the operative procedure, post operative pain, use of analgesics, hospital stay and early return to work, better post operative patient’s satisfaction and reduced procedure related complication.
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