ObjectiveTo examine the diagnostic value of serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in acute Kawasaki disease (KD).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesA systematic literature search strategy was designed and carried out using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2013. We also performed manual screening of the bibliographies of primary studies and review articles, and contacted authors for additional data.Study eligibility criteriaWe included all BNP and NT-pro (N-terminal prohormone) BNP assay studies that compared paediatric patients with KD to patients with febrile illness unrelated to KD. We excluded case reports, case series, review articles, editorials, congress abstracts, clinical guidelines and all studies that compared healthy controls.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe performance characteristics of BNP were summarised using forest plots, hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and bivariate random effects models.ResultsWe found six eligible studies including 279 cases of patients with KD and 203 febrile controls. Six studies examined NT-proBNP and one examined BNP. In general, NT-proBNP is a specific and moderately sensitive test for identifying KD. The pooled sensitivity was 0.89 (95% CI 0.78 to 0.95) and the pooled specificity was 0.72 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.82). The area under the summary ROC curve was 0.87 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.89). The positive likelihood ratio (LR+ 3.20, 95% CI 2.10 to 4.80) was sufficiently high to be qualified as a rule-in diagnostic tool in the context of high pre-test probability and compatible clinical symptoms. A high degree of heterogeneity was found using the Cochran Q statistic.ConclusionsCurrent evidence suggests that NT-proBNP may be used as a diagnostic tool for KD. NT-proBNP has high diagnostic value for identifying KD in patients with protracted undifferentiated febrile illness. Prospective large cohort studies are needed to help determine best cut-off values and further clarify the role of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis process of KD.
The aim of this study is to examine the incidence trend of sepsis over 11 years and compared mortality outcomes among Taiwanese patients with sepsis admitted from Emergency Department (ED) and non ED routes. We used a nationwide health insurance database from Taiwan, which comprise of 23 million beneficiaries. Patients with sepsis were identified by ICD-9 CM codes for infection and organ dysfunction from 2001 to 2012. We performed propensity score matching and compared mortality rates between ED-admitted and non ED-admitted patients.During the 11-year study period, we identified 1,256,684 patients with sepsis. 493,397 (29.3%) were admitted through the ED, and 763,287 (70.7%) were admitted directly to the floor. For patients with sepsis, mortality in ED-admitted patients decreased from 27.2% in 2002 to 21.1% in 2012 while that in non-ED admitted patients decreased from 35.3% in 2002 to 30.7% in 2012. Although patients with sepsis admitted through the ED had a higher incidence of organ dysfunction than patients who were directly admitted, they had more favorable outcomes in mortality, length of ICU stay, and hospital stay. After propensity score matching, ED-admitted patients had a 7% lower risk of 90-day mortality (HR, 0.93, 95%CI, 0.89-0.97) compared to directly admitted patients. During the study period, mortality declined faster among ED admitted sepsis patients than directly admitted sepsis patients. Results of this study should be interpreted in light of limitations. Like other administrative database study, treatment details are not available. Further clinical studies evaluating the treatment and outcome difference between ED and non ED admitted sepsis patients are warranted.
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