Widegap-channel Al 0.65 Ga 0.35 N/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N/AlN/SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD) grown Al 2 O 3 gate-oxide demonstrating enhancement-mode (E-mode) operation are investigated for the first time. The E-mode operation was achieved by using fluorine ions (F -) implantation. In comparison, conventional Schottky-gate device (sample A) and MOS-HFET (sample B) showing depletion-mode (D-mode) operation were fabricated on the same epitaxial structure. The device characteristics with respect to different gate-to-drain spacings (L GD ) of 6 µm and 14 µm have also been studied. The present E-mode Al 0.65 Ga 0.35 N/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N/AlN MOS-HFET (sample C) with L GD = 6 (14) µm has demonstrated improved maximum drain-source current density (I DS,max ) of 206.3 (163.5) mA/mm at V DS = 20 V, maximum extrinsic transconductance (g m,max ) of 32.9 (22.0) mS/mm, on/off-current ratio (I on /I off ) of 3.7 × 10 9 (1.8 × 10 9 ), two-terminal off-state gate-drain breakdown voltage (BV GD ) of −370 (−475) V, and three-terminal on-state drain-source breakdown voltage (BV DS ) of 330 395 V. INDEX TERMS Widegap AlGaN channel, MOS-HFET, enhancement-mode, Al 2 O 3 , non-vacuum ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition.
Summary Dupilumab interferes with the signaling pathways of IL‐4 and IL‐13 and is effective in treating atopic dermatitis. Specific genodermatoses, including Netherton syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa, and hyper‐IgE syndrome, are Th2 skewed diseases with activation of type 2 inflammation. We performed this systematic review to investigate the therapeutic role of dupilumab in the treatment of genodermatosis. A systematic search was conducted of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases from inception to December 13, 2021. The review included studies with relevant terms including “dupilumab,” “genodermatosis”, “Netherton syndrome”, “ichthyosis”, “epidermolysis bullosa” and “hyper‐IgE syndrome”. The initial search yielded 2,888 results, of which 28 studies and 37 patients with genodermatosis were enrolled. The assessed genodermatoses included Netherton syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa, hyper‐IgE syndrome, Hailey‐Hailey disease, and severe eczema associated with genetic disorders. Most of the reported cases showed significant clinical improvement after the initiation of dupilumab treatment without major adverse events. Decreased immunoglobulin E levels and cytokine normalization have also been documented. In conclusion, Dupilumab may have a potential therapeutic role in certain genodermatoses skewed towards T helper 2 (Th2) immunity, including Netherton syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa, hyper‐IgE syndrome, Hailey‐Hailey disease, and severe eczema associated with some genetic disorders.
Background Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disease of the skin due to melanocyte destruction. A shared pathogenesis affecting melanocytes in the cochlea has been postulated. However, the association between vitiligo and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is unclear.Objective To identify the association between vitiligo and SNHL. Methods This retrospective, nationwide cohort study included patients with vitiligo and age-, sex-and comorbiditiesmatched controls (propensity score matching; 1:4 ratio) from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2013. ResultsIn total, 13 048 patients with vitiligo and 52 192 controls were included. SNHL developed in 0.61% patients with vitiligo and 0.29% controls. After adjusting for sex, age and comorbidities, a significant association between vitiligo and SNHL was found (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.66-2.86). The other risk factors for developing SNHL included increased age, male sex, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease and diffuse connective tissue diseases. In subgroup analysis, the association between vitiligo and SNHL remained significant in almost all the subgroups. Conclusion A 2.2-fold increased risk of developing SNHL was found in patients with vitiligo. Proper referral to otologists for early screening and closer follow-up of SNHL should be considered for patients with vitiligo, especially for patients with older age.
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