Aim: Multiple sclerosis is a severe brain and/or spinal cord disease. It may lead to a wide range of symptoms. Hence, the early diagnosis and treatment is quite important.Method: This study proposed a 14-layer convolutional neural network, combined with three advanced techniques: batch normalization, dropout, and stochastic pooling. The output of the stochastic pooling was obtained via sampling from a multinomial distribution formed from the activations of each pooling region. In addition, we used data augmentation method to enhance the training set. In total 10 runs were implemented with the hold-out randomly set for each run.Results: The results showed that our 14-layer CNN secured a sensitivity of 98.77 ± 0.35%, a specificity of 98.76 ± 0.58%, and an accuracy of 98.77 ± 0.39%.Conclusion: Our results were compared with CNN using maximum pooling and average pooling. The comparison shows stochastic pooling gives better performance than other two pooling methods. Furthermore, we compared our proposed method with six state-of-the-art approaches, including five traditional artificial intelligence methods and one deep learning method. The comparison shows our method is superior to all other six state-of-the-art approaches.
Human pose estimation localizes body keypoints to accurately recognizing the postures of individuals given an image. This step is a crucial prerequisite to multiple tasks of computer vision which include human action recognition, human tracking, human-computer interaction, gaming, sign languages, and video surveillance. Therefore, we present this survey article to fill the knowledge gap and shed light on the researches of 2D human pose estimation. A brief introduction is followed by classifying it as a single or multi-person pose estimation based on the number of people needed to be tracked. Then gradually the approaches used in human pose estimation are described before listing some applications and also flaws facing in pose estimation. Following that, a center of attention is given on briefly discussing researches with a significant effect on human pose estimation and examine the novelty, motivation, architecture, the procedures (working principles) of each model together with its practical application and drawbacks, datasets implemented, as well as the evaluation metrics used to evaluate the model. This review is presented as a baseline for newcomers and guides researchers to discover new models by observing the procedure and architecture flaws of existing researches.
A chemical solution method involving multistep process has been developed to fabricate UCNPs@CuS yolk–shell nanoparticles for synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer cells.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.