Purpose: To investigate the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on human dental stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Method: Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSCs), and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) were treated with NaOCl. Cell viability was evaluated with cellular counting kit-8 (CCK8), and cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and subsequent flow cytometry. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting were performed to detect the expressions of differentiation markers. Results: The viability and ATP levels of all three stem cells types were impaired by NaOCl in a concentration-and time-dependent manners. However, the decrease ATP in GMSCs was less than the other two stem cell population (p < 0.05). NaOCl treatment significantly suppressed the proliferation of dental stem cells (p < 0.05). With regard to differentiation marker expression levels, the decrease in Stro-1 was greater in treatment groups when compared to control on Day 7, while increase in levels of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OC) was smaller (p < 0.05). The expressional changes of Stro-1, DSPP, BSP, and OC were more prominent in DPSMs and PDLSCs than in GMSCs. Conclusion: NaOCl dose-dependently impairs the viability, proliferation and differentiation of dental stem cells. Thus, its toxicity to dental stem cells needs to be considered in clinical application.
The upper Yellow River Basin (UYRB) is an important water source and conservation area. As well as a warming climate, the region has experienced long-term human interventions, such as grazing, farming and reservoir construction, since the mid-1980s. The runoff dynamics and its drivers in the UYRB remain poorly constrained, especially the differences between pastoral and agricultural areas, due to a lack of detailed measurements. Here, the contributions of climate change, land-use change and anthropogenic water consumption to runoff changes observed at hydrological stations were evaluated by combining the observations with scenarios simulated by a process-based hydrological model. Changes in the pastoral and agricultural areas of the UYRB were then compared at 10-year intervals during the period 1986–2020. The results indicated lower runoff in the UYRB over the past 35 years, when compared with that in the baseline period of 1965–1985, due to the negative influences of both climate change and anthropogenic water consumption. Meanwhile, land-use change had only a weak influence, due to stable land-use patterns. However, spatial differences in dominant drivers of runoff reductions were evident between the pastoral area and agricultural area. Specifically, runoff decreases were caused by the negative influences of climate change in the pastoral area and anthropogenic water consumption in the agricultural area. A shift in the dominant drivers after the period 2006–2015 was attributed to the positive influence of climate change and a weakening of agricultural water consumption and reservoir inflow during the same period. These changes initially caused a decrease in runoff, and later an increase. These findings contribute to a crucial evidence base for optimizing water resource management, ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.
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