Background: Endoscopic transforaminal decompression and interbody fusion (ETDIF) has been widely discussed due to its advantages of less trauma, less bleeding, quick recovery, high safety, and relatively fewer complications, as well as adverse factors such as incomplete decompression, steep learning curve, low fusion rate, and high radiation risk. Furthermore, this technique requires the use of supplemental posterior pediclescrew. Decompression, interbody fusion and percutaneous pedicle screw implantation are not completed in a single channel. Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal oblique fixation from posterior corner in lumbar spine (PETOFPC) overcomes the above limitations. The purpose of this study is to confirm the anatomical feasibility for PETOFPC in the posterolateral transforaminal approach and to provide anatomic data for the design of new integrated fixable and fused interbody cage.Methods: Sixty volunteers (22 men and 38 women) who underwent lumbar CT scans were collected and sent to the GEAW4.4 workstation. As a cohort study, the distances and angles of each path in the sagittal and axial planes were measured and analyzed statistically.Results: The lengths of each path are not less than 40mm, and the longest can be up to 46mm. The paths in full-length group are about 5mm longer than that in medium group. PE (from point P to target E) path was the optimal path. The angles of each path were significantly different (P≤0.001), namely, a1 > a2 > a3, b1 > b2 > b3, and c1 < c2 < c3.Conclusions: This study confirms anatomic feasibility for PETOFPC and provides anatomic data for the design of new integrated fixable and fused interbody cage. PETOFPC may be a very promising technology and have great clinical significance.
Cassava starch industrial wastewater has some characteristics such as high concentration of organic pollutant, high concentration of suspended solids and low pH value etc. If the wastewater is treated by anaerobic process, it is necessary to choose reasonable methods of pretreatment among Coagulation and precipitation, flotation and hydrolysis acidification etc. Full hydrolysis acidification is the best pretreatment technology because the cassava starch wastewater has good biodegradability. The actual treatment project of cassava starch wastewater shows that the volume of pretreatment structures is necessary to be satisfied with more than 12 hours of hydraulic retention time. Precipitation pool and hydrolysis acidification pool should be designed separately. The suspended solid is separated from the wastewater in precipitation pool, and also kept from the anaerobic reaction system. The macromolecular organic material is hydrolyzed fully in the hydrolysis acidification pool, and the efficiency of anaerobic treatment can be improved.
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