Binary hydrous cobalt-nickel oxide with an amorphous structure ͑denoted as a-(Co ϩ Ni)(OH) 2 •nH 2 O͒ anodically deposited from a CoCl 2 •6H 2 O ϩ NiCl 2 •6H 2 O solution with its Co:Ni ratio of 4:6 and pH 8.0 exhibited a very large pseudocapacitance of ca. 730 F g Ϫ1 in 1 M NaOH. The electrochemical reversibility of this material was examined at various charging-discharging currents in 1 M NaOH with different temperatures. This binary hydrous oxide exhibiting ideally pseudocapacitive behavior ͑i.e., high reversibility, high specific capacitance, and high power property͒ has been demonstrated to be a potential candidate for the application of electrochemical supercapacitors. The morphology and rough nature of this deposit were demonstrated through means of atomic force microscopy. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. ͓DOI: 10.1149/1.1448184͔ All rights reserved. Energy storage systems delivering very high pulse power for limited time intervals with an acceptable capacitance are generally called supercapacitors. These electrochemical systems have been demonstrated to be promising devices for improving the service life of batteries.1,2 The supercapacitors usually consist of highly porous materials ͑e.g., active carbon͒ with very high specific surface area or electroactive materials with several oxidation states/structures within the potential window of solvent decomposition. 1,3,4 The former devices are also called double-layer capacitors because of the storage of charge within the electrical double layer at the electrodeelectrolyte interface. On the other hand, the latter are generally called pseudocapacitors since faradaic processes at/within the electroactive materials exhibit capacitive-like responses.Amorphous hydrous oxides prepared by several techniques ͑e.g., sol-gel, electrochemical, and chemical precipitation methods͒ usually exhibit relatively large pseudocapacitance and good reversibility.3-8 Moreover, cheaper precursors as well as reliable and easy-control techniques for preparing the electroactive materials with good capacitive characteristics have attracted much attention. Because transition metal oxides ͑e.g., oxides of Co, Ni, Mn, Mo, V, Cr, W, Re, etc.͒ and conducting polymers have several oxidation states or structures that lead to redox transitions within the potential region of water decomposition, 1,3,7-13 energy ͑i.e., pseudocapacitance͒ can be stored within the reversible redox transitions of these electroactive materials. Because the performance of an electrochemical ͑EC͒ supercapacitor is mainly determined by the electrochemical characteristics of the superficial electroactive species, 1,[3][4][5][6] the electrochemical reversibility as well as the pulse power property of these potential candidates should be examined systematically.Hydrous cobalt and nickel oxides prepared by the sol-gel or electrochemical techniques have been proposed to be suitable materials for the application of EC supercapacitors.10,11 However, the sol-gel technique is relatively complicated and the electrochemical pr...
This study proposes a novel scanning-probe-based approach to induce local interdiffusion at buried interfaces. Scanning-probe oxidation (SPO) was performed on a thin TiN layer on a Si substrate with ethanol menisci. The diffusion of Si and Ti at the interface was observed using Auger electron analysis and photoelectron spectroscopy and mapping. The results of photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that SPO converted the TiN layer into TiN x O y . The significant conductivity of TiN x O y was verified by conductive atomic force microscopy. Joule heating in the conductive TiN x O y induced Si diffusion in the amorphous TiN x O y layer.
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