Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is widely expressed in brain tissue including neurons, glia, and endothelia in neurovascular units. It is a major source of oxidants in the post-ischemic brain and significantly contributes to ischemic brain damage. Inflammation occurs after brain ischemia and is known to be associated with post-ischemic oxidative stress. Post-ischemic inflammation also causes progressive brain injury. In this study we investigated the role of NOX2 in post-ischemic cerebral inflammation using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice. We demonstrate that mice with NOX2 subunit gp91 phox knockout (gp91 KO) showed 35-44% less brain infarction at 1 and 3 days of reperfusion compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Minocycline further reduced brain damage in the gp91 KO mice at 3 days of reperfusion. The gp91 KO mice exhibited less severe post-ischemic inflammation in the brain, as evidenced by reduced microglial activation and decreased upregulation of inflammation mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthases, CC-chemokine ligand 2, and CC-chemokine ligand 3. Finally, we demonstrated that an intraventricular injection of IL-1β enhanced ischemia-and reperfusion-mediated brain damage in the WT mice (double the infarction volume), whereas, it failed to aggravate brain infarction in the gp91 KO mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate the involvement of NOX2 in postischemic neuroinflammation and that NOX2 inhibition provides neuroprotection against inflammatory cytokine-mediated brain damage.
Digital respiratory sounds provide valuable information for telemedicine and smart diagnosis in an non-invasive way of pathological detection. As the typical continuous abnormal respiratory sound, wheeze is clinically correlated with asthma or chronic obstructive lung diseases. Meanwhile, the discontinuous adventitious crackle is clinically correlated with pneumonia, bronchitis, and so on. The detection and classification of both attract many studies for decades. However, due to the contained artifacts and constrained feature extraction methods, the reliability and accuracy of the classification of wheeze, crackle, and normal sounds need significant improvement. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the identification of wheeze, crackle, and normal sounds using the optimized S-transform (OST) and deep residual networks (ResNets). First, the raw respiratory sound is processed by the proposed OST. Then, the spectrogram of OST is rescaled for the Resnet. After the feature learning and classification are fulfilled by the ResNet, the classes of respiratory sounds are recognized. Because the proposed OST highlights the features of wheeze, crackle, and respiratory sounds, and the deep residual learning generates discriminative features for better recognition, this proposed method provides reliable access for respiratory disease-related telemedicine and E-health diagnosis. The experimental results show that the proposed OST and ResNet is excellent for the multi-classification of respiratory sounds with the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity up to 98.79%, 96.27%, and 100%, respectively. The comparison results of the triple-classification of respiratory sounds indicate that the proposed method outperforms the deep-learning-based ensembling convolutional neural network (CNN) by 3.23% and the empirical mode decomposition-based artificial neural network (ANN) by 4.63%, respectively. INDEX TERMS Deep residual networks (ResNet), optimized S-transform (OST), respiratory sounds classification, crackle and wheeze detection.
Intertidal organisms, especially the sessile species, often experience long-term periodic air exposure during their lives. Learning the biochemical and physiological responses of intertidal organisms to long-term periodic air exposure and the relationship to duration of air exposure provides insight into adaptation to this variably stressful environment. We studied the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, an important species in world aquaculture, as a model to evaluate survival, growth, lipid composition, oxygen consumption, oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity in relation to the duration of air exposure in a long-term (60 days) laboratory study of varying durations of periodic emersion and re-immersion. Our results show: (1) clams undergoing a longer period of air exposure had lower survival and growth compared to those given a shorter exposure, (2) levels of oxidative damage and activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in all air exposure treatments, but did not increase with duration of air exposure, and (3) the content of docosahexaenoic acid increased with duration of air exposure. Our results can largely be interpreted in the context of the energy expenditure by the clams caused by aerobic metabolism during the daily cycle of emersion and re-immersion and the roles of docosahexaenoic acid against oxidative stress.
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