Cancer immunotherapy has recently gained much attention in the search of cancer cure due to its ability to "train" the immune system in seeking out and removing residual tumor cells. However, relying on cancer immunotherapy alone may fail to ablate primary tumors. Phototherapy is a promising modality that offers an elegant solution to eradicate tumors through the simple application of light irradiation and meanwhile triggers immune responses by immunogenic cell death to enhance antitumor immunity. Uniting phototherapy with cancer immunotherapy has been found to achieve synergistic outcomes, promote cancer regression, and even attain immunologic memory. This review summarizes the recent studies on utilizing phototherapy and immunotherapy combinatorial approaches to treat cancer.
A variety of nanoplatforms have been investigated in combination with immunoadjuvants and immune checkpoint blockades such as CTLA4 and PD-L1 pathways. Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, improved migration of dendritic cells, and an increased ratio of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells against regulatory T cells are revealedin many studies, offering a glimpse into the mechanistic principles. Future advancements targeting different cancer checkpoints that could offer better immunosuppression coupled with other phototherapeutic strategies remain to be explored in accomplishing complete elimination of cancer.
Phototherapy is a promising modality that offers an elegant solution to eradicate tumors through simple application of light irradiation and has emerged as an excellent tool to complement immunotherapy for a more efficacious, synergized cancer treatment regime. In article number https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201804688, Kanyi Pu and co‐workers summarize the recent studies on utilizing a combination of phototherapy and immunotherapy as an approach for cancer therapy.
Castor beans contain large quantities of oil and can grow in harsh environments. Unlike soybean oil, castor oil cannot be directly used for biodiesel production due to its extremely high viscosity. Here, we report an alternative source of biodiesel which possesses an ideal viscosity like soybean oil, and this new biodiesel could be obtained through simple synthetic routes from castor oil. Moreover, the properties of our newly designed ketone-containing triglycerides and its transesterified counterpart as biodiesel were systematically examined in our study, and their structures were characterized by using 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
Practical application:The product obtained has the potential to be utilized as an alternative biofuel.
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