Fifteen million tons of bread is annually produced in Iran of which the 80% of share in production belongs to traditional bakeries. The present study examines the aspects of the energetic, economic, and environmental impacts of production of Iranian breads (Barbari, Lavash, and Sangak). The results showed that energy demand of a typical baking process of Iranian breads is 22.93-26.08 MJ kg À1 . The annual energy utilization of these bakeries is 239.57 TJ, accompanied with 13,308 ton year À1 of CO 2 emissions. Sangak bread production had the highest energy efficiency, energy productivity, and the lowest rejected energy. In terms of economic aspects, the highest net income, profit to cost, and economic productivity, were related to Barbari bread production. Sangak bread production had the least environmental impacts. Lavash bread production, although it is the thinnest bread, had the highest energy consumption, was responsible for emitting the largest share of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) to the atmosphere and it had the lowest economic return. The flour was the most influential input on the energy efficiency, cost, and GHG emissions among the three examined types of bread production. Therefore, improving wheat cultivars and flour production process, may reduce the energy consumption and the GHG emissions in the bread industry.
The objective of the current computational study is to predict the performance output of a modified two-bucket Savonius rotor. Each bucket consists of three arc-type blades of different radius which is determined by the slot width ratio, in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 and the slot central angle, in the range of 0 to 20 deg. Nine configurations are designed with a fixed rotor diameter and a variable slot width and slot central angle, aiming to resolve the performance output and investigate the effect of the two previous parameters on the power and the static torque coefficients. The commercial CFD package Fluent® is used to solve the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, along with Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. Initially, a standard Savonius rotor, was used to validate the computational procedure using experimental results available in literature. Next, the same validated model is used to resolve the designed slotted bucket configurations. The performance of the examined slotted bucket configurations indicates improved self-starting characteristics, but a lower power coefficient compared with the solid bucket Savonius rotor. Lower values of slot width ratio have improved output performance while the slot central angle, does not greatly affect the overall performance of slotted bucket rotor
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