The active suspension has undoubtedly improved the performance of the vehicle, however, the trend of "lowcarbonization, intelligence, and informationization" in the automotive industry has put forward higher and more urgent requirements for the suspension system. The automotive industry and researchers favor active energy regeneration suspension technology with safety, comfort, and high energy regenerative efficiency. In this paper, we review the research progress of the structure form, optimization method, and control strategy of electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension. Specifically, comparing the pros and cons of the existing technology in solving the contradiction between dynamic performance and energy regeneration. In addition, the development trend of electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension in the field of structure form, optimization method, and control technology prospects.
The hydrostatic actuation system based on linear actuators improves the complex piston force and long transmission path of the traditional electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA). However, new nonlinear factors in the linear actuator and direct-driven piston are introduced into the system, which present challenges to system modeling and control. To improve the accuracy of system performance prediction, this paper analyzed the working characteristics of an electromagnetic direct-drive hydrostatic actuation system (EDHAS). A dynamic model of the electromagnetic linear actuator including the LuGre friction model was established. The high-pressure internal leakage of the direct-drive pump was described by an inclined eccentric leakage model. The Karnopp friction model was applied to solve the problem of switching between viscous and sliding friction in a cylinder. The hydraulic components model was established based on AMESim, and the electromagnetic linear actuator model and the system controller model were established in Matlab/Simulink, to establish a refined electromechanical–hydraulic co-simulation model of the EDHAS with electromagnetic, mechanical, hydraulic, and control coupling. A system performance test platform was built. The simulation results of the direct-drive piston displacement, the system pressure, the system flow rate, and the cylinder displacement match well with experimental results, which verifies the validity and accuracy of the refined modeling method.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to solve the common problems that traditional optimization methods cannot fully improve the performance of electromagnetic linear actuators (EMLAs). Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) method based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) algorithm was proposed. An electromagnetic-mechanical coupled actuator analysis model of EMLAs was established, and the coupling relationship between static/dynamic performance of the actuator was analyzed. Suitable optimization variables were designed based on fuzzy grayscale theory to address the incompleteness of the actuator data and the uncertainty of the coupling relationship. A multiobjective genetic algorithm was used to obtain the optimal solution set of Pareto with the maximum electromagnetic force, electromagnetic force fluctuation rate, time constant and efficiency as the optimization objectives, the final optimization results were then obtained through a multicriteria decision-making method. Findings The experimental results show that the maximum electromagnetic force, electromagnetic force fluctuation rate, time constants and efficiency are improved by 18.1%, 38.5%, 8.5% and 12%, respectively. Compared with single-discipline optimization, the effectiveness of the multidiscipline optimization method was verified. Originality/value This paper proposes a MDO method for EMLAs that takes into account static/dynamic performance, the proposed method is also applicable to the design and analysis of various electromagnetic actuators.
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