The realization of levels of stretchability that extend beyond intrinsic limits of bulk materials is of great importance to stretchable electronics. Here we report large-area, three-dimensional nano-architectures that achieve this outcome in materials that offer both insulating and conductive properties. For the elastomer poly(dimethylsiloxane), such geometries enhance the stretchability and fracture strain by ~ 62 % and ~ 225 % over the bulk, unstructured case. The underlying physics involves local rotations of narrow structural elements in the threedimensional network, as identifi ed by mechanical modelling. To demonstrate the applications of three-dimensional poly(dimethylsiloxane), we create a stretchable conductor obtained by fi lling the interstitial regions with liquid metal. This stretchable composite shows extremely high electrical conductivity ( ~ 24,100 S cm − 1 ) even at strains > 200 % , with good cyclic properties and with current-carrying capacities that are suffi cient for interconnects in light-emitting diode systems. Collectively, these concepts provide new design opportunities for stretchable electronics.
Z-scheme in natural photosynthesis are promising for solar-driven CO 2 conversion. [2] By combining multiple photoelectrodes or photovoltaics (PV), the Z-scheme PEC cells can provide sufficient photopotential to simultaneously drive water oxidation and CO 2 reduction under minimal or no external bias. [3] Nevertheless, lowering the kinetic barrier of thermodynamically inert CO 2 remains a hurdle for efficient CO 2 reduction. The development of CO 2reducing biocatalyst-conjugated cathodes can improve chemoselectivity and increase yield under mild conditions. [4] Compared to synthetic catalysts that often require extreme conditions such as high pressure, pH, or temperature, enzymes show high catalytic activities and specificities under mild conditions, making them a valuable catalyst for sustainable and green applications. In particular, formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is an attractive redox enzyme that reduces CO 2 to formate, an alternative water-soluble feedstock that can be easily converted to other common fuels. [5] Previous studies have focused on mediated electron transfer (MET)-type reactions, [6] in which redox mediators such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor (NADH) and Rh-based complexes shuttle electrons between an electrode and FDH. However, the MET-based biocatalysis requires costly electron mediators and multiple electron transfer steps that cause side reactions and significant losses in efficiency. [7] Here, we report the development of 3D titanium nitride nanoshell (3D TiN) electrodes for biocatalytic PEC cells that convert CO 2 to formate through direct electron transfer (DET), as depicted in Scheme 1a. A highly ordered, porous TiN structure is employed as an electrically conductive scaffold for efficient DET to a W-containing FDH from Clostridium ljungdahlii (ClFDH) (inset, Scheme 1a). TiN was chosen as a scaffold for DET-based bioelectrode because it is highly conductive, electrochemically stable and exhibit high chemical and thermal resistance, as well as exceptional hardness. [8] The 3D TiN electrode simultaneously provides (i) a large electroactive surface area generated from an ultrathin (≈30 nm), 3D nanoshell structure with high porosity (92.1%) for high enzyme loading per geometric area, (ii) a continuous electron transfer network with high electrical Z-scheme-inspired tandem photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells have received attention as a sustainable platform for solar-driven CO 2 reduction. Here, continuously 3D-structured, electrically conductive titanium nitride nanoshells (3D TiN) for biocatalytic CO 2 -to-formate conversion in a bias-free tandem PEC system are reported. The 3D TiN exhibits a periodically porous network with high porosity (92.1%) and conductivity (6.72 × 10 4 S m −1 ), which allows for high enzyme loading and direct electron transfer (DET) to the immobilized enzyme. It is found that the W-containing formate dehydrogenase from Clostridium ljungdahlii (ClFDH) on the 3D TiN nanoshell is electrically activated through DET for CO 2 reduction. At a low overpotential...
Electrocatalytic CO2reduction is a promising way to provide renewable energy from gaseous CO2. The development of nanostructures improves energy efficiency and selectivity for value-added chemicals, but complex nanostructures limit the CO2conversion rates due to poor mass transport during vigorous electrolysis. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically porous Au comprising interconnected macroporous channels (200–300 nm) and nanopores (∼10 nm) fabricated via proximity-field nanopatterning. The interconnected macropores and nanopores enable efficient mass transport and large active areas, respectively. The roles of each pore network are investigated using reliable 3D nanostructures possessing controlled pore distribution and size. The hierarchical nanostructured electrodes show a high CO selectivity of 85.8% at a low overpotential of 0.264 V and efficient mass activity that is maximum 3.96 times higher than that of dealloyed nanoporous Au. Hence, the systematic model study shows the proposed hierarchical nanostructures have important value in increasing the efficiency of expensive Au.
Recent progress on structural design of TiO2 photocatalyst based on monolithic nanostructuring and heterostructuring with graphitic carbon nanomaterials.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.