To quantify the eVect of oxygen concentrations on the quality and antioxidant enzyme system of stored golden needle mushroom, modiWed atmosphere packaging (MAP) with low and initial superatmospheric oxygen was applied during mushroom storage, and physiological changes associated with postharvest deterioration, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and of cellulase, were monitored during subsequent storage for 0-34 days. Golden needle mushrooms stored in MAP without oxygen or 20-50% oxygen rate had a poorer sensory quality because of chilling injury and physiological injury. These injuries included increased levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion whereas some extent of browning was observed. The antioxidant enzyme system, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase, was activated, to scavenge the reactive oxygen species to reduce injury during the initial storage period. However, these injuries also induced senescence of the stored golden needle mushroom during later storage, followed by a decrease in activities of the antioxidant enzymatic system. The activities of the antioxidant enzymatic system of the mushroom stored in MAP with 80% oxygen rate were the most favorable to delay the senescence process in the later period of storage, and the mushrooms had the best quality until the end of storage. MAP with high oxygen concentrations (e.g., 80% oxygen rate) can induce relatively high antioxidant capacity, signiWcantly decrease postharvest quality loss and improve shelf life of fresh mushrooms.
The feasibility of solid-state fermentation was studied for sea buckthorn seed residues (SBSR). Effects of different fermentation parameters were evaluated regarding the levels of biomass and compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous extracts. In the latent and logarithmic phases of fermentation, the total phenols and flavonoids were increased. The microbes’ decomposition on fibrous matter allowed the active components to be fully extracted. The changes of total sugar levels had a contrary trend with the changes of total phenol and flavonoid contents. The monosaccharide and polypeptide contents decreased dramatically and then kept steady along with the fermentation. Unsuitable environments led to weak growth of the fungi, limited enzyme contents, low enzyme activity, and a poor degradation of the substrates. The active compounds considered in the study were protected, and the contents reached a maximum under conditions that were usually not suitable for the fungal growth. The chemical structure was another important factor influencing the content and stability of the compounds. The content of procyanidins decreased dramatically because of its sensitivity to heat and alkaline environments. Antioxidant abilities of SBSR extracts, both aqueous and non-aqueous, increased after fermentation. These results reflected a possibility to recycle SBSR for further use in the food industry.
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