Objectives: The aim of this work was to study the spectrum of epithelial abnormalities on Pap smears of HIV-positive women categorized as per the Bethesda System of Reporting Cervical Cytology, to correlate them with CD4 lymphocyte counts, and to compare them with the spectrum of abnormalities seen in a HIV-negative control group. Study Design and Methodology: The present study was a 6-year retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, which included 150 Pap smears from HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. The Pap-stained slides of the cases were retrieved and studied. The data collected were tabulated and analyzed. A statistical study was performed using SPSS software. The χ² test was used to analyze the data and a p value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Pap smear abnormalities were twice as high in HIV-infected women (12%) as compared with HIV-negative women (6%; p = 0.006, RR = 2). Negative for intraepithelial lesion/malignancy was the most common finding (88%), which was further subdivided into inflammatory, atrophic smear, non-specific, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginitis groups. The percentage of epithelial abnormalities was 12%, including: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 5.55%; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL, 16.66%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 5.55%; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 61.11%, and squamous cell carcinoma, 11.11%. The highest incidence of intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive females was in the age group of 34–49 years. CD4 cell counts fell in the range of 200–500 cells/mm³ in most of the HIV-positive patients (68.75%), but was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Routine Pap smear examination is advocated in women with HIV as the prevalence of epithelial cell abnormalities was found to be 12%, which was twice as high as compared to the HIV-negative control group. Although there was no correlation of epithelial cell abnormalities with CD4 counts, a higher rate of the cases with epithelial abnormalities were observed to have CD4 cell counts of 200–500 cells/mm³.

Objective: To study the efficacy of colonoscopic crush cytology as a convenient and near-accurate method to evaluate colonic neoplasms. Study Design: Retrospective and cross-sectional. The original cytologic diagnoses were correlated with a histology report on 100 cases sent to the cytology laboratory over 2 years. Results: Of the 100 cases, 25 were nonmalignant. Of the 75 malignant lesions, 72 could be identified as positive for malignancy on cytology. The false-positives consisted of 6 adenomas and 1 case of ulcerative colitis. Thus, sensitivity and specificity of cytology are 96 and 63.2%, respectively. Of the 6 adenomas diagnosed as malignant, 4 showed high-grade dysplasia, and the other 2 showed superficial ulceration with low-grade dysplasia on histopathology. The ulcerative colitis case showed widespread ulcers and regenerative/reparative features on biopsy. The 3 adenocarcinomas diagnosed s benign on cytology showed an occasional malignant cell with thickened nuclear borders and prominent central nucleoli. Conclusions: With careful attention to the cytomorphology, coupled with good clinical and endoscopic correlation, crush cytology of the large intestine is a reliable diagnostic tool. It categorizes lesions as malignant and benign with a high sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Adenomas and reparative/regenerative changes seen in inflammatory bowel disease are major pitfalls in the cytology diagnosis of malignancy that may be averted by informing the endoscopic findings and clinical history. Cytology diagnosis saves time and gives proper feedback to the gastroenterologist.

Background: Nalbuphine is a synthetic opioid , with kappa agonist or partial µ antagonist action. When added as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine, it acts on dorsal horn of spinal cord producing analgesia with decreased incidence of µ receptor side effects. Aims and Objectives:To compare the onset, duration of sensory blockade, duration of motor blockade, 2 segment regression and duration of post operative analgesia achieved, by comparing hyperbaric bupivacaine alone with hyperbaric bupivacaine and nalbuphine after intrathecal administration. Material and Methods:Randomised double blind study done on 60 patients, who were undergoing lower limb surgeries under subarachnoid block. Patients were divided into two groups, group B receiving 15mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine+0.1ml of normal saline and group N receiving 15mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine+0.1ml of nalbuphine (1mg). Assessment of duration of motor and sensory blockade was done by modified bromage scale and pin prick method respectively.Results: There was no significant variation in onset of motor and sensory blockade in two groups, but mean time of post-operative analgesia in group N was highly significant than group B(P<0.001). Conclusion:Thus we conclude that intrathecalnalbuphine at dosage of 1mg can be used as effective adjuvant along with 0.5% of hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally to have good post-operative analgesia.

Isolated pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare entity. Its clinical features and radiological findings are nonspecific, making early diagnosis difficult for clinicians. We report a case of 40-year-old nonsmoker, immunocompetent male without an underlying structural lung disease who presented to us with recurrent hemoptysis and was diagnosed to have Actinomycosis after multiple readmissions.