ABSTRAKIndonesia memiliki kebun kelapa terluas di dunia. Sayangnya, ekspor Indonesia masih dalam bentuk minyak kelapa biasa, sementara Filipina sudah mulai menjangkau dunia dengan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Namun, masih kurangnya diversifikasi yang dapat dilakukan petani kelapa membuatnya lambat berkembang. Padahal, harga VCO yang tiga kali lipat dari minyak kelapa biasa membuat minyak ini potensial untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh putaran sentrifuse dan waktu sentrifugasi terhadap rendemen dan mutu VCO. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial 3 x 3 yang terdiri atas dua faktor yaitu faktor putaran sentrifugasi (A) dan waktu sentrifugasi (B). Faktor putaran sentrifugasi (A) terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu: A 1 = 5000 rpm, A 2 = 7500 rpm, dan A 3 = 10.000 rpm. Faktor waktu sentrifugasi (B) terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu : B 1 = 10 menit, B 2 = 15 menit, dan B 3 = 20 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor putaran sentrifugasi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap rendemen, kadar air, bilangan asam, dan uji organoleptik warna VCO yang dihasilkan, namun berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap uji organoleptik aroma dan rasa VCO. Faktor waktu sentrifugasi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap rendemen, kadar air, dan bilangan asam VCO yang dihasilkan, berpengaruh nyata terhadap uji organoleptik warna VCO, dan berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap uji organoleptik aroma dan rasa VCO. Minyak kelapa murni (VCO) yang dihasilkan memiliki nilai kadar air dan bilangan asam yang masih memenuhi standar Codex. Perlakuan terbaik diperoleh pada VCO yang dihasilkan dari putaran sentrifuse 10.000 rpm dan waktu sentrifugasi 20 menit, dengan rendemen 26,99 %, kadar air 0,20 %, bilangan asam 11,79 ml KOH/g sample, nilai organoleptik aroma 2,95 (agak suka), nilai organoleptik rasa 2,50 (agak suka), nilai organoleptik warna 1,20 (sangat jernih). Kata kunci : putaran sentrifugasi, waktu sentrifugasi, virgin coconut oil ABSTRACT Indonesia has the world's largest coconut plantation. Unfortunately, Indonesia's exports are in the form of ordinary coconut oil, while the Philippines has begun to reach the world with the Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). However, there is still a lack of diversification that can be done by coconut farmers made its little progress.In fact, the price of VCO which tripled from coconut oil used to make the oil can be potential to be developed in Indonesia.The objective of the research were to identify and study the effect of centrifugal rotation and length of centrifugation to the yield and quality of the VCO. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD)
The synthesis of chalcone derivatives as target compounds and anticancer test against breast (T47D) and colon (WiDr) cell line had been performed. The synthesis was performed by Claisen-Schmidt condensation by using acetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives. The anticancer activity test of chalcone derivatives was carried out by MTT assay against T47D and WiDr cell lines. The synthesis was started by reacting 4-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives such as p-anisaldehyde (chalcone A [(E)-4'-hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone]), veratraldehyde (chalcone B [(E)-4'-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone]), 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (chalcone C [(E)-4'-hydroxy-4-chlorochalcone]) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (chalcone D [(E)-2',4'-dihydroxy-4-chlorochalcone]) in methanol as solvent. The synthesis was carried out in alkaline condition (KOH) by stirring the mixture at room temperature for 48 h. The structures of products were identified by FTIR, GC-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectrometers. The results showed that the chalcone derivatives (A-D) were yielded in 96; 97; 96; and 93%, respectively as yellow solid. The anticancer test indicated that the chalcone D was the most active towards T47D cell line with IC50 of 42.66 μg/mL and the chalcone C was the most active against WiDr cell line with IC50 of 20.42 μg/mL.
The tar resulted from pyrolysis of coconut shell is a waste. It is important to be clarified their chemical composition and physical properties in order to find out their feasibility as source of a fuel. This research was resulted two immiscible organic fractions, and these were further determined their physical properties such as water composition by using ASTM D-95 methods, ash composition (ASTM D-482), flash point C.O.C (ASTM D-92), kinematics of viscosity (ASTM D-445), and caloric valued using bomb calorimetric. In addition, tar composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The result provided oil which was categorized as light and heavy bio-oils. The light bio-oil has specific gravity 0.99, ash content 0.01%, kinematics viscosity 25.5 cSt, flash point <27 o C, pH 3 and heating value 10304 kcal/kg. On the other hand, heavy biooils gave specific gravity 1.13, ash 0.46%, kinematics viscosity 185 cSt, flash point 134 o C, pH 2.5 and heating value 6210 kcal/kg. Moreover, the light bio-oil contained 79 compounds which was composed of phenol 16.4%, hydrocarbon 12.4%, phenolic 27.6%, other oxygenated compounds 53.6%, and acetic acid 3%, meanwhile the heavy bio-oils contained of 18 compounds which was consisted of phenol 31.2%, lauric acid 6.0%, phenolic 27.6%, and other oxygenated compounds 35.3%, respectively. With this result, it was clarify that these bio-oils could not be used directly as a fuel for motor nor diesel machinery.
KEYWORDSAcid-base titration requires indicators to show color change at each pH interval. Synthetic indicators applied recently have some negatives, such as chemical pollution, availability and expensive production cost. Effort to obtain natural product-based-indicator from corolla of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has been conducted. Firstly, anthocyanin contained in the Roselle's corolla was identified. Then, the indicator was obtained by extracting the corolla consecutively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol-HCl 0.5%. Then the filtrate was evaporated at 65 o C. The obtained indicator was applied in weak base-strong acid and weak acid-strong base titrations. The comparison indicators used in this research were methyl orange and phenolphthalein. The results showed that the Roselle's corolla indicator gave red color in acidic solution, while green in basic solution. Additionally, its performance is similar to that of methyl orange.
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