In this study, the possibility of using of chestnut (Castanea sativa) sawdust in Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostretatus and Pleurotus citrinopileatus) cultivation was investigated. Additionally; Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation on the substrates which was mixed of chestnut with black poplar (Populus nigra) and oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) was performed. Bioactive properties of these mushroom and their growth mediums were also examined. After a successful harvest, total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin contents and antioxidant properties of mushrooms' methanolic extracts were determined. Same analyses were also performed for mushrooms substrates. The highest yield and biological efficiency was observed in P. ostreatus cultivated on 100% Castanea sativa substrate. The highest total phenolic content (2.529±0.010 mg GAE/g) was found in P. citrinopileatus cultivated on C. sativa sawdust and its substrate medium. Total flavonoid could not determine any mushroom. The highest total condensed tannin (3.691±0.011 CE mg/g) content was observed in P. ostreatus cultivated on C. sativa sawdust and its substrate medium; the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (11.761±0.020 µmol FeSO 4 .7H 2 O/g) was seen in P. ostreatus mushroom cultivated on 50% P. orientalis + 50% C. sativa and 100% C. sativa substrate medium. The highest free radical scavenging activity of DPPH was in P. citrinopileatus and 100% C. sativa sawdust and 100% C. sativa substrate medium. Keywords: Antioxidant, chestnut, Pleurotus, tannin content, total phenolic content ÇEŞİTLİ TALAŞLARDA ÜRETİLEN PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS VE PLEUROTUS CITRINOPILEATUS MANTARLARININ TOPLAM FENOLİK, FLAVONOİD VE TANEN İÇERİKLERİ VE ANTİOKSİDAN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÖzBu çal›flmada Pleurotus ostreatus ve Pleurotus citrinopileatus'un (‹stiridye mantar›/Kay›n mantar›) kestane (Castane asativa) odunu talafl›ndaki üretim olanaklar› üzerinde durulmufltur. Ayr›ca; kestane talafl›n›n; karakavak (Populus nigra) ve do¤u ladini (Picea orientalis) talafllar› ile kar›flt›r›ld›¤› ortamlarda Pleurotus ostreatus üretimi denenmifltir. Üretimlerin ard›ndan elde edilen mantarlar›n ve yetiflme ortamlar›n›n biyoaktif özellikleri araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Baflar›l› bir hasat periyodundan sonra mantarlar›n metanolik eksraktlar› üzerinden toplam fenolik, flavonoid ve kondanse tanen içerikleri ve antioksidan özellikleri belirlenmifltir. Ayn› deneyler mantar subsratlar› için de tekrar edilmifltir. En yüksek verim ve biyolojik etkinlik de¤eri %100 Castanea sativa ortam›nda geliflen P. ostreatus mantar›nda gözlenmifltir. En yüksek fenolik içerik (2.529±0.010 mg GAE/g) C. sativa talafl›nda üretilen P. citrinopileatus mantar›nda ve kendi yetiflme ortam›nda bulunmufltur. Hiç bir mantarda flavonoid içeri¤i tespit edilememifltir. En yüksek kondanse tanen içeri¤i (3.691±0.011 CE mg/g) %100 C. sativa talafl›nda üretilen P. ostreatus'da ve kendi yetiflme substrat›nda; en yüksek demir indirgeyici antioksidan aktivite (11.761±0.020 µmol FeSO 4 .7H 2 O/g) %50 P. orientalis + %50 C. sativa kar›fl›m›nda üretilen P. ostrea...
Some non-wood forest products are brewed and consumed as tea. Among the reasons for the consumption of herbal tea, digestive problems are located in the first row. Antioxidants help to human body for arranging digestive and immune system. Herbal tea is brewed in various ways such as boiling at different durations or waiting in hot water at different temperatures etc. Type of brewing can affect to bioactive properties of herbal tea. In this study, it was investigated the bioactive properties (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, condensed tannin content and antioxidant properties) of some herbals brewed (Green tea / Camellia sinensis., senna / Cassia sp., corn silk / Zea mays, rosemary / Rosmarinus officinalis) at different temperature. These herbs were brewed for 10 minutes at 60 o C, 80 o C and 100 o C temperatures. After cooling, total phenolic, flavonoid content, total condensed tannin content and antioxidant properties of these herbs were determined. Consistently, the highest results were found in the tea brewed at 100 o C. The highest total flavonoid (0.305 ± 0.005 mg QE/g) and ferric reducing ability (670.150 ± 2.121 µmol FeSO47H2O/g) was in Rosmarinus officinalis. The highest condensed tannin (9.443 ± 0.524 mg CE/g) and the highest total phenolic content (4.872 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g) was in Camellia sinensis and Cassia sp., respectively.
Increasing environmental pressures on toxic chemical wood preservatives lead to the development of natural and environmentally friendly wood preservatives. In this study, using possibilities of lichen (Usnea filipendula) and leaves of mistletoe (Viscum album) as potential natural wood preservative were researched. Impregnation procedure was applied at four different concentration levels and with two different extraction methods (hot water and methanol). The concentration levels were arranged as 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% for hot water and as 3,75%; 6,25%; 12,5%; 18,75% for methanol. The treatment procedure has been applied according to the ASTM D-1413 (1988) standard test method. The fungal decay test has been done according to the EN 113 (1996) standard test method using a brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana for both treated test and untreated control samples. The best results were obtained at the highest concentration level of the solutions. However, the weight losses in treated test specimen have not met the standard requirements. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that both natural extracts provide promising protection performance.
Bu çalışma; Altındere Vadisi Milli Parkı kullanıcılarının rekreasyonel memnuniyetinin belirlenmesi amacı ile 2015 yılı yaz dönemi milli park alanında, 308 yerli kullanıcı ile yapılan anket çalışmalarını kapsamaktadır. Anket soruları ile kullanıcılarının bazı kişisel özellikleri, kullanım tercihleri, katıldıkları rekreasyonel etkinlikler, geliş amaçları, alan tercihleri, genel ve beklenen memnuniyetleri, alan farkındalığı, kullanıcı memnuniyet ve memnuniyetsizlik durumunu etkileyen faktörler ve bu faktörlerle kullanıcıların bazı kişisel özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler istatistiksel yöntemlerle irdelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; "milli parkın doğal ve kültürel peyzaj değerleri, görsel kalite", "alandan aktif olarak yararlanma isteği", "alandan pasif olarak yararlanma isteği", "macera ve kendini keşfetme", "açık hava aktivite olanakları", "sosyalleşme", "ulaşılabilirlik ve alan kullanımı" olarak tanımlanabilecek faktörlerin alandaki kullanıcı memnuniyeti üzerinde etkili olduğu, yine; "planlama-tasarım sorunları", "donatı elemanı eksikliği, yönetim", "taşıma kapasitesinin aşılması-kalabalık, gürültü kirliliği", "çevre-görüntü kirliliği, alt yapı-bakım eksikliği", "bilgi eksikliği ve yönetim" olarak tanımlanabilecek faktörlerin ise kullanıcı memnuniyetsizliği üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kullanıcıların genel memnuniyet ve beklentilerinin karşılanma durumu orta düzeydir. Kullanıcıların memnuniyet faktörlerinin, geldiği yerin milli parka uzaklığı ve eğitim, memnuniyetsizlik faktörlerinin ise geldiği yerin milli parka uzaklığı, cinsiyet ve yaş olarak belirlenen etmenlerden etkilendiği saptanmıştır.
In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on tea (Camellia sinensis) and espresso wastes. Tea wastes were used in two forms; sterilized or non-sterilized. Then, total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin contents, ferric reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging were used as antioxidant determinants and also protein content were investigated in these mushrooms' methanolic extracts. Same measurements were determined in mushrooms' growing medium except protein content. The highest protein content (20.89%) was found in non-sterilized tea wastes. The highest total phenolic (1.460±0.012 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (0.120±0.005 mg QE/g), condensed tannin (0.877±0.011 mg CE/g) and the lowest scavenging of free radical activity (17.190±0.001 mg/mL) were determined in sterilized tea wastes. The highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (8.498±0.089 μmolFeSO4.7H2O/g) were determined in espresso wastes. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the sterilized and non-sterilized substrates for the total yield and biological efficiencies. In this case, it can be said that the kinds of substrates and their usage forms are very important in terms of energy savings especially does not require sterilization like tea wastes. Consequently, tea and espresso wastes can be used as a beneficial source of substrate material for Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cultivation.
In mushroom cultivation, one of the most important steps is the pasteurization or sterilization. Primarily; all raw materials such as various kinds of wood sawdust or agricultural wastes used as substrate medium are required to be pasteurized. During the process, pasteurization liquor is generally dumped without recycled. In this study it was investigated that the fungicidal effect of pasteurization liquor of chestnut (Castanea sativa) s awdust, which is particularly rich in tannins, against brown rot fungi "Coniophora puteana". The wood samples were impregnated with the pasteu rization solution according to the ASTM D 1413 standard test method. The protective effect of this liquor on Scotch pin e (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood was considered by means of fungi decay test (EN 113). It was concluded that the pasteurization liquor enhanced the decay resistance of Scotch pine sapwood samples compared to the control group.
Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde doğal olarak yetişen ve orman ürünleri sanayinde yoğun olarak kullanılan doğu ladini (Picea orientalis L.) ve doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis L.) odun örnekleri silikon bazlı emprenye maddelerinin %10 ve %50' lik konsantrasyonlarında dolu hücre yöntemi ile emprenye edilmiş ve emprenye sonrasında odun özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişiklikler bazı fiziksel ve mekanik test yöntemleri ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan silikonlar ticari bir firmadan temin edilmiştir. Fiziksel özelliklerden yoğunluk, mekanik özelliklerden liflere paralel basınç direnci ve dinamik eğilme (şok) direnci testi yapılmıştır. Çalışmadaki tüm testler 10 tekrarlı yapılmış olup yoğunluk ve liflere paralel basınç direnci testleri için 2x2x3 cm, şok direnci için 2x2x30 cm boyutlarında örnekler kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak emprenye edilen örneklerin yoğunluk ve liflere paralel basınç direnci, kontrol örneklerine yakın bulunmuştur. Ancak emprenye edilen örneklerin şok direncinde azalmalar olduğu gözlenmiştir. Dinamik yüklerin etkisinde kalan köprü, merdiven, gibi yerlerde silikon bazlı emprenye maddeleriyle emprenye edilen ahşabın kullanılmaması önerilmektedir.
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