Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is an important annual medicinal plant that belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It contains 421 substances of 18 chemical types-the most significant compound is δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which causes several effects, both in the Central Nervous System and in several peripheral locations in the organism. The objectives of this scientific review are to mention the anatomical distribution, chemical characteristics and biosynthesis of cannabinoids, as well as its actions mechanisms. The endogenous cannabinoid system, the therapeutic properties of C. sativa and its action on the nociceptive control are described. Finally, the modulators of the cannabinoid system in clinical use are indicated, together with marijuana legalization benefits.
Catharanthus roseus is a plant of the Apocynaceae family. It produces over 120 alkaloids, 70 of which are pharmacologically active. C. roseus produces vinblastine, utilized in treating Hodgkin's disease; testicular tumors, breast carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma and Letterer-Siwe disorder. Vincristine is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, lympho-granulomatosis and in solid infant tumors. The preparation process of 1 kg of vincristine has a cost of US$ 3.5 million, while vinblastine has a cost of US$1 million. Therefore, 530 kg of dry leaves are necessary to produce 1 kg of vincristine and half a ton for getting 1 g of vinblastine. The high cost is due to the low concentrations in the aerial portion. Due to the high market value and its effectiveness in different medical treatments, this chapter deals with the pharmacological application of the C. roseus alkaloids.
Granulicatella spp. is a bacteria of the oral cavity, belonging to the nutritionally variant group streptococci, and has been identified in 5% of all bacterial endocarditis. It's an important etiologic species in endocarditis, particularly in the setting of negative blood cultures. Granulicatella is a non-mobile, non-spore forming organism that is both catalase and oxidase negative. The treatment for Granulicatella, is the same for Enterococcus according to the American and European guidelines, however resistance to this treatment has been reported.Key words: Granulicatella, nutritionally variant streptococci, endocarditis.Palabras clave: Granulicatella, Streptococcus de variante nutricional, endocarditis. E n los últimos años, la epidemiología de los microorganismos ha ido variando de la mano de los avances en las técnicas de diagnóstico y clasificación bacteriológica. El advenimiento de técnicas como la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC), replicación de ADN y medios selectivos han permitido descubrir la presencia de nuevos microorganismos que se han identificado como responsables de diversas patologías infecciosas que antes se adjudicaban a los grupos más clásicos y frecuentes. Es así, por ejemplo, que en la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) el microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado es Streptococcus viridans, en 44% de los casos 1 , sin embargo, existe un porcentaje no despreciable de microorganismos no típicos que han sido identificados como agentes etiológicos de esta patología, siendo Streptococcus de variante nutricional (EVN) responsables de 5% de los casos con diagnóstico bacteriológico . Posteriormente, la especie Abiotrophia fue reclasificada como Granulicatella, siendo la especie elegans una de las descritas inicialmente [5][6] . Granulicatella y Abiotrophia son parte de la microbiota normal de la mucosa oral y urogenital, además de la intestinal 2 . Se estima que G. elegans está presente en 10% de la placa dental y puede causar bacteriemia en casos de patología gingival 7 . Una de las características de G. elegans es la producción de actividad bacteriolítica y exopolisacárido 7 . Granulicatella es un organismo no móvil, no formador de esporas, catalasa y oxidasa negativa. Crece como colonias satélite adyacentes a Staphylococcus epidermidis en agar sangre con α hemólisis 8 . Su identificación y diferenciación con Abiotrophia es usualmente hecha con pruebas bioquímicas o por confirmación molecular 9,10 . La espectrometría de masa 11 , si bien es útil, no está ampliamente disponible.Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar. . En cuanto al estudio de susceptibilidad, la recomendación es no realizarla mediante difusión en disco, sino que por método de microdilución 25 . Los hallazgos en la literatura reportan una susceptibilidad de 60% para penicilina G, 60% para ceftriaxona, 81% para amoxicilina y 96% para meropenem en caso de G. adiacens. Granulicatella elegans es 100% sensible a penicilina y 33% a ceftriaxona 26,27 . De acuerdo a la experiencia descrita en las publicaciones médicas, los antibacteri...
This systematic determination of morphological and phytochemical data was conducted with the purpose of conserving and identifying the phylogenetic relationship among the Vanilla species of the Totonacapan region in Mexico to increase awareness of the genetic biodiversity. Samples of Vanilla planifolia, V. planifolia cv. “oreja de burro”, V. pompona, V. insignis, and V. inodora, are distributed across 19 municipalities of the State of Veracruz and 19 municipalities of the State of Puebla. Morphological data parameters were determined in situ and included leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness, stem diameter, stem thickness, node distance, stem texture degree, flower colour intensity, and fruit length. Similarly, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes were determined by specifically phytochemical tests and quantified by thin layer chromatography. Both, morphological and phytochemical data parameters, were successfully used in assembling dendrograms by using the Euclidian distance method and by principal component analysis.
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