Although it is possible to establish that the leukocyte and immature germ cell counts correlate with other parameters of semen, these correlations are not statistically significant. The most significant finding is that as the number of sperms decreases, the ratio of immature germ cells to total germ cells increases. While assessing immature germ cells instead of giving special attention to the number of immature germ cells in semen, the ratio of immature germ cells to total germ cells should be considered. The increase of leukocyte count in the semen of oligospermic patients may not always mean leukospermia.
Prostatic specific antigen (PSA), a tumour marker helpful in the diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer, may rise due to causes other than prostate cancer (i.e. BPH, acute prostatitis, etc.). Investigations in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity of PSA in prostate carcinoma are being carried out. Serum PSA levels of patients with prostatism with regard to age as well as these levels in the male population at risk but without clinical prostatic disease (those above the age of 40) should be well documented. The aim of this study is to find age-specific values and ranges of PSA in patients with prostatism symptoms.
The relationship between varicocele and infertility has long been defined. About a third of the male patients undergoing evaluation for infertility present with a varicocele. Sixty male patients between 17 and 35 years of age (mean 25.6) were examined with a colour-doppler flow imaging system. The diameters of the veins in the pampiniform plexus were measured by gray-scale sonography. Our findings were classified with regard to venous diameter, the existence or non-existence of reflux, the circumstances under which these findings were recorded (e.g. during normal respiration and standing position or during Valsalva manoeuvre and supine position). Finally our results suggest that: (a) the clinical significance of the presence of dilated veins or reflux during increased intraabdominal pressure and under similar circumstances should be regarded with caution; (b) positive findings during normal inspirium are highly significant (grades III and IV).
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