Abstract.Chardonnay is the fifth most planted cultivar on Earth. This large spatial coverage suggests a strong flexibility of this wine grape variety to its environment, particularly when it comes to climate. To investigate the plasticity of Chardonnay for producing wine, we have built a geodatabase localizing the production areas (wine region, vineyard or plot, when possible) of 2029 wines awarded with either gold or bronze medals at the international wine competition "Chardonnay du Monde", from 2000 to 2015. Wines were produced by 982 different wineries, covering 230 world wine regions within 41 countries. The climate of each production region was depicted with the WorldClim database.
<p><strong><span>Meteorological considerations of grapevine damage due to temperature variations:</span> <span>t</span><span>he 2019 late spring frost and summer heat wave events </span>in Burgundy </strong></p><p>During 2019, <span>the occurrence of two contrasting weather events, a cold snap and a heat wave, caused extensive damage to the vineyards</span> of Northern Burgundy. <span>The late spring cold snap, that </span><span>occurred</span><span> from May 5</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> to 7</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span>, generated frost like conditions across the northern and north-western areas of the C&#244;te-d'Or department.</span> The weather stations of the Northern Auxois area, where the three observation and study sites are located, recorded minimum temperatures <span>ranging </span>between -1 and -2&#176;C. <span>On the 24</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> and the 25</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> of July vineyards were exposed, yet again, to an extreme temperature variation.</span> <span>A brief but unusually intense heat wave increased daily maximum temperatures up to 42&#176;C in the department&#8217;s far north. Landforms such as plateaus were less exposed to the increase in temperatures due the limiting effect of higher elevations. This led to temperatures not exceeding 40&#176;C above 300 m, elevation at which the vineyard sites of this study are located.</span></p><p>Weather conditions that caused the early May frost event were related to a northern circulation <span>present </span>over Western Europe <span>that persisted </span>from <span>the 28</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> of April </span><span>to</span><span> the 6</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> of May</span>. <span>The strong anticyclonic ridge stretching from Greenland to the Iberian Peninsula directed an air mass of arctic origin towards France.</span> <span>On July 24</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> and 25</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span>, the presence of a surface high pressure system above Scandinavia, associated with a low-pressure center located near the Atlantic Ocean, generated an influx of a very hot air mass from the northern part of the African continent through France and neighbouring countries.</span></p><p>The local impact of these two weather events was modulated by the topographical features specific to the study area: a limestone plateau strongly dissected by parallel valleys <span>of S.E. / N.W. orientations</span>. <span>The three observation sites have similar soil characteristics and are located on south facing slopes.</span> <span>However, damage to vegetation was uneven across sites as well as within each site.</span> These observations rise up the question of the influence of very fine-scale environmental conditions <span>and the impact they might have on the different vegetative growth stages.</span> <span>Lastly, the variation in physiological response among grapevines and its effect on their sensitivity to the occurrence of different weather hazards is also to be considered.</span></p>
Abstract. As one of the most emblematic wine regions of cool climate terroir viticulture, Burgundy is endowed with a set of very specific natural features suitable to the production of high quality wines, where climate is arguably one of the main factors to profoundly influence vine physiology/phenology and grape composition. These environmental nuances have led to a wide variety of styles in Pinot noir and Chardonnay wines that have been largely acknowledged and appreciated by the international market and vitivinicultural industry. However, individual grape varieties optimum quality is known to be closely related to well-defined climate and geographical ranges. Climate change and global warming latest trends make them more susceptible to undergo modifications in terms of berry ripening processes and advancements in harvest dates due to short-term and long-term spatiotemporal fluctuations in climate variability. The impact of air temperature on grapevine development and harvest outcomes has been widely documented by the scientific community, its influence translating as quality and quantity fluctuations in space ("terroir" effect) and time ("vintage" effect). Through this study we aim to assess the extent of these threats by means of modelling and spatializing the regional climate variations based on 5 agricultural climatic indices: the number of days with temperatures equal or greater than 35°C (heat stress), the number of days indicating a frost risk (equal or greater than -1°C ), the midflowering, the mid-véraison and the theoretical grape maturity (200g/l of sugar) occurrence dates. Mid-flowering, midvéraison as well as the theoretical grape maturity were estimated through the summation of temperatures over 10°C (starting 1 st of March) based on the GFV (Grapevine Flowering Véraison) linear phenological model and were calculated for the 2 prime varieties cultivated in Burgundy (Chardonnay and Pinot noir). Daily minimum and maximum temperatures issued from a network of 64 weather stations scattered throughout the main 9 wine production subregions of Burgundy were spatially interpolated on a grid with a 75m resolution over a 41751ha area (74556 pixels). Spatial interpolations were performed at a daily time step integrating various topographical features through a regression-kriging model for the 2011-2015 period. Daily grid minimum and maximum temperatures were further used to calculate the 5 agroclimatic indices for each of the years of the study period. The entirety of the 74556 pixels were later classified at regular intervals in 6 groups which were assigned to each of the three phenological stages: "very early ", "early", "intermediate", "late", "very late" and "variable". The number of heat stress days as well as those presenting a frost risk were equally classified based on their occurrence as "very rare ", "rare", "intermediate", "frequent" and "very frequent". The annual spatial structure of the individual classes was very similar due to temperature distribution being strongly governed by terrain fe...
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