Understanding how stream temperature responds to restoration of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in context of future climate change is critical for prioritizing restoration actions and recovering imperiled salmon populations. We used a deterministic water temperature model to investigate potential thermal benefits of riparian reforestation and channel narrowing to Chinook Salmon populations in the Upper Grande Ronde River and Catherine Creek basins in Northeast Oregon, USA. A legacy of intensive land use practices in these basins has significantly reduced streamside vegetation and increased channel width across most of the stream network, resulting in water temperatures that far exceed the optimal range for salmon growth and survival. By combining restoration scenarios with climate change projections, we were able to evaluate whether future climate impacts could be offset by restoration actions. A combination of riparian restoration and channel narrowing was predicted to reduce peak summer water temperatures by 6.5 °C on average in the Upper Grande Ronde River and 3.0 °C in Catherine Creek in the absence of other perturbations. These results translated to increases in Chinook Salmon parr abundance of 590% and 67% respectively. Although projected climate change impacts on water temperature for the 2080s time period were substantial (i.e., median increase of 2.7 °C in the Upper Grande Ronde and 1.5 °C in Catherine Creek), we predicted that basin-wide restoration of riparian vegetation and channel width could offset these impacts, reducing peak summer water temperatures by about 3.5 °C in the Upper Grande Ronde and 1.8 °C in Catherine Creek. These results underscore the potential for riparian and stream channel restoration to mitigate climate change impacts to threatened salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest.
White, SM et al 2017 Legacies of stream channel modification revealed using General Land Office surveys, with implications for water temperature and aquatic life. Elem Sci Anth, 5: 3, DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1525/elementa.192 Introduction A major challenge of the Anthropocene-the period in which human activity is the dominant influence on climate and the environment-is to solve the interrelated problems leading to irreversible damage to planetary life support systems. These intertwined problems include human population growth, overconsumption, land use, climate change, and subsequent extinctions to biodiversity and elimination of ecosystem services (Foley et al., 2005; Barnosky et al., 2016). A common approach to forecasting the effects of human activity on the environment is through modeling scenarios of land use change and climate conditions, revealing various possible futures that can be embraced, avoided, or mitigated (Moss et al., 2010;Jantz et al., 2015;Isaak et al., 2016). In order to accomplish this, a comprehensive understanding of past human activities is needed, especially when past actions propagate a legacy extending to the present (Foster et al., 2003). The integrity of rivers and streams is especially vulnerable to human activities because hydrology and water temperature are strongly influenced by climatic effects (Dittmer, 2013) and the landscapes over which they flow (Hynes, 1975; Fausch et al., 2002; Allan, 2004). Streams and rivers provide important ecosystem services including clean and abundant water supply that are difficult to valuate but nonetheless essential (Arthington et al., 2010). Degradation of riverine ecosystems represents an important loss in terms of aquatic biodiversity (Dudgeon et al., 2006) and to people that depend upon rivers for food and other cultural values (Close et al., 2002).Modifications to river ecosystems in Europe, U.S., and other locations across the globe have been well documented. The European subcontinent has experienced land use change-specifically urbanization-since 700 B.C. (Antrop, 2004); these patterns have been manifested in several ways, but primarily as landscape fragmentation (Jaeger et al., 2011) and river channelization (Jurajda, 1995) RESEARCH ARTICLELegacies of stream channel modification revealed using General Land Office surveys, with implications for water temperature and aquatic life Seth M. White * , Casey Justice * , Denise A. Kelsey * , Dale A. McCullough * and Tyanna Smith † Land use legacies can have a discernible influence in present-day watersheds and should be accounted for when designing conservation strategies for riverine aquatic life. We describe the environmental history of three watersheds within the Grande Ronde subbasin of the Columbia River using General Land Office survey field notes from the 19th century. In the two watersheds severely impacted by Euro-American land use, stream channel widths-a metric representing habitat simplification-increased from an average historical width of 16.8 m to an average present width ...
We evaluated effects of stocking level and size-at-release on survival rates of hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Kootenai River using Cormack-Jolly-Seber and related models implemented in Program MARK. A total of 119 768 marked and unmarked hatchery juveniles were released from 1992 to 2006, of which 2938 passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged fish were subsequently recaptured. Annual survival rates of marked groups ranged from 0.01 to 0.84 (mean = 0.45) during the first year at large, from 0.48 to 1.0 (mean = 0.84) in the second year, and averaged 1.0 during all subsequent years. First year survival rates declined substantially in recent years, particularly for small fish (<25 cm fork length). Approximately 59% of the variation in first year survival was explained by a negative relationship with estimated juvenile abundance (linear regression, P < 0.01). Length-at-release of individuals explained a substantial proportion of the within-year variation in survival during the first year at large. Our results provide strong evidence of density-and size-dependent mortality in hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon in the Kootenai River. Management actions that prioritize the release of fewer, larger-sized fish will likely improve first year survival rates and subsequent recruitment to the spawning-age population.Résumé : Nous évaluons les effets de l'intensité de l'empoissonnement et de la taille à la libération sur les taux de survie de jeunes esturgeons blancs (Acipenser transmontanus) de pisciculture dans la Kootenai à l'aide du modèle CormackJolly-Seber et de modèles apparentés utilisés dans le logiciel MARK. Un total de 119 768 jeunes de pisciculture marqués et non marqués ont été libérés de 1992 à 2006, dont 2 938 poissons porteurs d'étiquette PIT (à transpondeur intégré passif) ont été recapturés plus tard. Les taux de survie des groupes marqués variaient de 0,01-0,84 (moyenne = 0,45) durant la première année en liberté, de 0,48-1,0 (moyenne = 0,84) la seconde année et en moyenne de 1,0 durant toutes les années subséquentes. Les taux de survie durant la première année ont diminué considérablement au cours des dernières années, particulièrement chez les petits poissons (longueur à la fourche < 25 cm). Environ 59 % de la variation de la survie pendant la première année s'explique par une relation négative avec l'abondance estimée des jeunes (régression linéaire, P < 0,01). La longueur des individus à la libération explique une partie importante de la variation intra-annuelle dans la survie durant la première année de liberté. Nos résultats apportent de fortes indications de l'existence d'une mortalité reliée à la densité et à la taille chez les jeunes esturgeons blancs de pisciculture dans la Kootenai. Des activités de gestion qui favoriseraient la libération d'un nombre moins important de poissons de plus grande taille augmenteraient vraisemblablement les taux de survie pendant la première année et le recrutement subséquent dans la population en âge de frayer.[Tradui...
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