The TSI is a valid and reliable test of cognitive function in patients with severe cognitive impairment. It is appropriate to use it as a unified scale.

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SUMMARY Fifty normal kindergarten and 50 first‐grade children were examined three times at six‐month intervals for synkineses to stress gaits and mirror movements to finger lifting, finger spreading, and timed motor maneuvers. Motor signs in the age‐sensitive range showed substantial individual differences between children of the same chronological age. The frequency of associated movements changed reliably in the expected direction over a 12‐month period, and within each domain of neutromotor function the individual motor signs conformed to a stable sequence of developmental stages. It is concluded that age‐appropriate motor signs for associated movements are a reliable measure of developmental age, in contrast to chronological age, among elementary‐school children. RÉSUMÉ Mouvements associés comme mesure de l'age de développement Cinquante enfants normaux de jardin d'enfants et de cours préparatoire ont étééxaminé trois fois à six mois d'intervalles à la recherche de syncinésies lors de la démarche contrainte de mouvements en miroir, lors du lever de doigts, ou lors de l'ecartement des doigts et des mouvements moteurs en temps contröle. Les signes moteurs à cet âge sensible ont révelé des différences indiscutables substantielles chez des enfants de mème âge chronologique: la fréquence des mouvements associés se modifiait de façon prévisible dans la direction attendue sur une période de 12 mois; dans chaque domaine de fonction neuromotrice, les signes moteurs individuels étaient conformes à une séquence stable des tables de développement. Nous concluons que les signes moteurs de mouvements associés définissant un âge relatif constituent une mesure fidéle de developpement, par opposition à l'age chronologique, chez les enfants scolarisés dans les niveaux élémentarires. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Associationshewegungen als Maßstab für das Entwicklungsalter Fünfzehn gesunde Kindergartenkinder und 50 Kinder aus dem ersten Schuljahr wurden dreimal in sechsmonatigen Intervallen hinsichtlich ihrer Assoziationsbewegungen beim angestrengten Gehen und Spiegelbewegungen beim Fingerheben. Fingerspreizen und zeitlich begrenzter motorischer Aufgaben untersucht. Die motorischen Parameter für diese Altersgruppe zeigten erhebliche individuelle Unterschiede bei Kindern mit demselben chronologischen Alter: die Frequenz der assoziierten Bewegungen veränderte sich innerhalb einer Zeitspanne von 12 Monaten so wie erwartet: und in jedem neuromotorischen Funktionsbereich stimmten die individuellen motorischen Parameter mit einer festgelegten Folge der Entwicklungsstadien überein. Wir schließen daraus, daß altersentsprechende motorische Parameter für assoziierte Bewegungen ein zuverlässiger Maßstab für das Entwicklungsalter, im Gegensatz zum chronologischen Alter, bei Kindern der Grundschule ist. RESUMEN Movimientos asociados como medición de la edad de desarrollo Cincuenta niños normales de un Jardin de Infancia y 50 que cursaban el primer grado fueron examinados tres veces con intervalos de seis meses buscando sincinesias que reforzasen la mar...

The dual-code hypothesis of Paivio was taken to imply that bilingual speakers should show poorer memory for the language in which concrete words appeared than the language in which abstract words appeared. The results of two experiments with German-English bilinguals, one using a recognition memory procedure and the other using the free recall task, found the opposite state of affairs. Semantic recognition, free recall, and memory for language of occurrence were all found to be superior for concrete words. Two hypotheses were advanced. One, called the "cultural imagery hypothesis," assumes that images may be culture specific, while the other hypothesis interprets the outcome in terms of the relations between stored attributes. An analysis of the experiment as an attribute-memory procedure is presented.The purpose of the research reported here was to pursue some hypotheses about how concrete and abstract words are stored by utilizing the special properties of bilingual speakers. The major reason for investigating word concreteness is that rated word concreteness or imagery has been shown to have powerful effects on memory in a variety of tasks (see Paivio, 1971, for a review). Concrete words are easier to recall and recognize than abstract words (paivio, in press). Why should this be so? Paivio and his associates have made a strong case for the argument that, for concrete words, both verbal and imaginal codes are stored in memory and that the additional image code is the source of the observed mnemonic superiority. According to Paivio, the essential property of images is that they are nonverbal and their essential mnemonic function lies in providing an additional code which serves as the basis of improved performance.We now must briefly consider bilingualism and how it relates to these concerns. In the literature on memory in bilinguals, it is common to see the major theoretical issue stated in terms of a dichotomy between the language-independent storage hypothesis and the Experiment I was part of a Senior Honor's Thesis completed by the second author under the direction of the fIrst author at Emory University. We are gratefUl to James McMahon for his advice on the problems of translation. This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-18703 to the first author. Reprint requests should be sent to Eugene Winograd. Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. language-dependent storage hypothesis (e.g., Liepmann & Saegert, 1974). The language-independent storage hypothesis says that bilingual speakers treat words in terms of their meanings and represent them in a supralinguistic code which is independent of the language in which the word occurred. Appended to this hypothesis is the corollary that information about language may be attached to the semantic code as a sort of footnote, so that language information is potentially retrievable. The language-dependent storage hypothesis seems to maintain that there are essentially separate languagespecific storage systems. With...