During geomagnetic storms, some fraction of the solar wind energy is coupled via reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, a process that requires a southward interplanetary magnetic field B z . Through a complex sequence of events, some of this energy ultimately drives the generation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, which can then scatter energetic electrons and ions from the radiation belts. In the event described in this paper, the interplanetary magnetic field remained northward throughout the event, a condition unfavorable for solar wind energy coupling through low-latitude reconnection. While this resulted in SYM/H remaining positive throughout the event (so this may not be considered a storm, in spite of the very high solar wind densities), pressure fluctuations were directly transferred into and then propagated throughout the magnetosphere, generating EMIC waves on global scales. The generation mechanism presumably involved the development of temperature anisotropies via perpendicular pressure perturbations, as evidenced by strong correlations between the pressure variations and the intensifications of the waves globally. Electron precipitation was recorded by the Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses balloons, although it did not have the same widespread signatures as the waves and, in fact, appears to have been quite patchy in character. Observations from Van Allen Probe A satellite (at postmidnight local time) showed clear butterfly distributions, and it may be possible that the EMIC waves contributed to the development of these distribution functions. Ion precipitation was also recorded by the Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite satellites, though tended to be confined to the dawn-dusk meridians. this time interval were correlated with storm phases and, separately, with solar wind pressure. Separating EMIC occurrences below and above 3 nPa, they show that the highest occurrence rates (greater than ∼35%) occur at prenoon for solar wind pressures below 3 nPa. During times with higher pressures, although the highest rates (near 50%) are concentrated at postnoon, EMIC occurrences are widespread throughout the magnetosphere. Tetrick et al. (2017) found a similar dependence in several local time sectors.
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves have been studied for decades, though remain a fundamentally important topic in heliospheric physics. The connection of EMIC waves to the scattering of energetic particles from Earth's radiation belts is one of many topics that motivate the need for a deeper understanding of characteristics and occurrence distributions of the waves. In this study, we show that EMIC wave frequencies, as observed at Halley Station in Antarctica from 2008 through 2012, increase by approximately 60% from a minimum in 2009 to the end of 2012. Assuming that these waves are excited in the vicinity of the plasmapause, the change in Kp in going from solar minimum to near solar maximum would drive increased plasmapause erosion, potentially shifting the generation region of the EMIC to lower L and resulting in the higher frequencies. A numerical estimate of the change in plasmapause location, however, implies that it is not enough to account for the shift in EMIC frequencies that are observed at Halley Station. Another possible explanation for the frequency shift, however, is that the relative density of heavier ions in the magnetosphere (that would be associated with increased solar activity) could account for the change in frequencies. In terms of effects on radiation belt dynamics, the shift to higher frequencies tends to mean that these waves will interact with less energetic electrons, although the details involved in this process are complex and depend on the specific plasma and gyrofrequencies of all populations, including electrons. In addition, the change in location of the generation region to lower L shells means that the waves will have access to higher number fluxes of resonant electrons. Finally, we show that a sunlit ionosphere can inhibit ground observations of EMIC waves with frequencies higher than ∼0.5 Hz and note that the effect likely has resulted in an underestimate of the solar-cycle-driven frequency changes described here.
Projective identification has been described as‘the most fruitful psychoanalytic concept since the discovery of the unconscious’ (Young 1994, p. 120). Many psychoanalysts, including Ogden, have also begun exploring the philosophical concept of intersubjectivity and how it may augment psychoanalytic understanding and practice. Existential psychotherapists include those who believe that intersubjectivity is the basic way in which humans relate. Diamond writes that‘Without a notion of intersubjectivity, psychoanalysis is in difficulty, for it is impossible to envisage how feelings belonging to one individual pass into another’ (Diamond 1998, p. 202). After exploring the concept of projective identification and the claims from various contemporary psychoanalysts that this mechanism is interpersonal rather than purely intrapsychic, the paper explores the philosophical concept of intersubjectivity. The communication of emotion and the implications for therapy are then discussed, before conclusions are drawn about the relationship between the two concepts under examination.
A new Cold War has never seemed nearer, with increasing tensions between Russia and the U.S. on a daily basis, especially over the events in Ukraine and Syria. How do we try to understand or theorize the events and the associated propaganda? Where does Eurasia fit in? Where does it link into the jigsaw that might include Continentalism or Atlanticism? Is Eurasia just another word for the former Soviet Union or does it have wider reach? The books under review are two companion volumes based on an International Studies Association-funded workshop and sold separately or on an individual chapter basis. The volume entitled Power, Politics and Confrontation in Eurasia was the first read, followed by Russia, Eurasia and the new Geopolitics of Energy. I discovered that I was on a journey beginning in the west and heading gradually towards China in the east. This journey was thorough and detailed with each chapter providing much food for thought in terms of theory, focus, contradictions, and complexity. Power, Politics and Confrontation in Eurasia aims to provide an understanding of patterns of confrontation between Russia and the west. In Chapter 1, Suzanne Loftus and Roger Kanet discuss recent history, spheres of influence, and common debates, with a focus on how Putin is asserting Russian identity via a strong state at odds with the west. There is a recommendation that both sides must compromise including via the Minsk process. In Chapter 2, Graeme Gill tries to help us better understand Putin and his vision for Eurasianism and a strong Russia as a method of retaining Russian identity and cohesion of his country. This may well have led to self-defeating foreign policy actions. Peter Shearman takes issue with the idea that Putin wants confrontation with the west in Chapter 3. Academics could think more about Putin's predicament because the current perception of him is dangerous and alternatives are more likely to be extremists than democrats. In Chapter 4, Sandra Fernandes argues that much of the difficulty between the east, especially the European Union (EU), and Russia is connected to Ukraine and Georgia. The next section of the book covers the important topics of "Institutions and Architecture in Eurasia." In Chapter 5, Richard Sakwa asks why it is surprising to have Eurasian integration or regionalism when this is encouraged elsewhere. Russia's neorevisionism was provoked but the Eurasian Union was meant to be complementary to the EU-a piece in the jigsaw to bring Russia closer to Europe. Sakwa asserts that Putinism is about keeping all options open as well as promoting Russia as a great power. Russian behavior veers between cooperation and competition partly because it is not given agency or allowed to cooperate. Mikhail Molchanov analyzes various Eurasian regionalisms Chapter 6, including the CIS, the Customs Union, and the Eurasian Union. Molchanov reminds us that regionalism can be a protection against globalization and that "new regionalism" is complex. Part three returns to Ukraine, beginning with Chapter 7, w...
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