The internationalization and positioning of universities offers relative comparisons, studied according to different teaching and research criteria. Among the recognized rankings are the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) or Ranking of Shanghai, QS World University Ranking, SCimago Institutions Rankings SIR and the Web Ranking of Universities-Webometrics. Comparatively, characteristics of each one are presented in terms of scope, volume of universities positioned and evaluation criteria. The indicators associated with research and institutional capacity stand out as common criteria in the revised evaluation methodologies. Regarding Latin America, Brazil leads with its presence in the four rankings. There is a greater number of Latin American universities in QS (40%) and Webometrics (31%), in the other two rankings it does not exceed 8%.
The exact location of faults in the electrical distribution systems is a problem that affects not only the users, but also the companies providing the electric service. With greater time invested in this period, the losses due to unbilled energy and inconvenience to users increases, thus decreasing the quality of service. One of the causes of the growth in time is the misunderstanding that might exist in the localization systems that act under the presence of distributed generation sources in the distribution networks. In this sense, the present research develops an intelligent diagnosis of faults in distribution systems with distributed generation. Three stages are defined: Identification of the type of fault, the location of the zone, and the exact point of fault. A mixed method based on artificial intelligence and mathematical algorithms is applied. Eleven different types of faults that can occur in a distribution system are considered with six different values of fault resistances ranging from 5 to 30. The errors found are less than 2% in the location of the fault point with robustness to variations in the load and the penetration of distributed generation.
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