A B S T R A C TInfrared thermometry allows evaluating plants under water stress, by measuring the canopy temperature, without the need of physical contact with the leaves. The aim of this study was to determine the water stress index of the tomato crop for industrial processing (Hybrid 'BRS Sena'), as a function of irrigation depths applied by subsurface drip irrigation, in Southern Goiás, Brazil, in 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with four replicates. The treatments consisted in five irrigation depths: 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of crop evapotranspiration. The water stress index of the tomato crop was evaluated using two methodologies, as a function of the canopy temperature, air temperature and other local meteorological parameters, as well as the relationship between water stress index and crop yield. Theoretical and empirical methods estimate CWSI similarly in tomato. In the hottest hours of the day, even under adequate soil moisture conditions, the 'BRS Sena' tomato showed CWSI above 0.2. CWSI is a good indicator to evaluate the water status of the tomato crop for industrial processing and to recommend the moment of irrigation. The higher the CWSI, the lower the yield of 'BRS Sena' tomato.Índice de estresse hídrico de tomateiro em função de lâminas de irrigação R E S U M OA termometria infravermelha permite avaliar o estresse hídrico das plantas através da medição da temperatura do dossel, sem necessidade de contato físico com as folhas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar o índice de estresse hídrico do tomateiro industrial (híbrido BRS Sena) em função de lâminas de irrigação aplicadas por gotejamento subsuperficial, na região Sul de Goiás, nos anos 2015 e 2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco lâminas de irrigação, iguais a 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da evapotranspiração da cultura. Avaliou-se o índice de estresse hídrico do tomateiro por meio de duas metodologias, em função da temperatura no dossel, temperatura do ar e demais parâmetros meteorológicos locais, e também a relação dos valores do índice de estresse hídrico com a produtividade da cultura. Os métodos teórico e empírico estimam de maneira semelhante o CWSI no tomateiro. Nas horas mais quentes do dia, mesmo em condições de umidade adequada no solo, o tomateiro BRS Sena apresentou CWSI acima de 0,2. O CWSI é um bom indicativo para avaliar o estado hídrico do tomateiro industrial e indicar o momento de realizar a irrigação. Quanto maior o CWSI, menor foi a produtividade do tomateiro BRS Sena.
-The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of container sizes and irrigation levels on "jatoba" (Hymenaea courbaril L.) seedlings development. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse from September 2010 to March 2011. The design was in randomized blocks, with three replications in split plots, in a 2 x 5 scheme. Two container sizes (rigid pots of 3.1 L and stiff plastic tubes of 4.0 L) were used in the plots, while five drip irrigation levels (20%, 40%, 60% 80% and 100% of potential evapotranspiration -ETp) were used in the subplots. The irrigations were accomplished daily. Each subplot was constituted by eight seedlings. In the period from 80 to 200 days after sowing (DAS), the seedling height (AM), stem diameter (DC), leaves number (NF), leaf area (AF), dry matter mass of roots (MSR) and seedling (MSM) and relation between root dry matter mass and aerial part (MSR/ MSPA) were evaluated. The stiff plastic tube provided larger ETp, in comparison with the rigid pot and, consequently, more developed seedlings. Irrigation levels from 90% to 100% of ETp provided more vigorous seedlings. The increase of water deficit reduces all the parameters of jatoba seedlings, except the MSR/MSPA ratio.
RESUMOO baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.) é uma espécie do bioma Cerrado promissora para o cultivo, em virtude de seu potencial madeireiro e oleaginoso, e sua utilização na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Por serem escassas as informações sobre necessidades hídricas da espécie, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e crescimento de mudas de baruzeiro em função de lâminas de irrigação e tamanhos de recipiente. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no período de maio a outubro de 2010. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em parcelas subdivididas com oito mudas cada, no esquema 2 x 5. Nas parcelas, utilizaram-se dois tamanhos de recipientes (vasos de 3,1 L e citrovasos de 4,0 L), e nas subparcelas, lâminas de irrigação por gotejamento, iguais a 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc). Aos 100 dias após a germinação, foram avaliados: o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produção de matéria seca e o índice de qualidade das mudas, através do Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O citrovaso proporcionou maior ETc em relação ao vaso e, consequentemente, mudas mais desenvolvidas. Lâminas de 70% a 95% da ETc propiciaram mudas de baruzeiro de maior vigor. O aumento do déficit hídrico reduziu o desenvolvimento de mudas de baruzeiro. A lâmina ótima de irrigação, foi estimada em 71% da ETc, independentemente do recipiente, o que resultou um IQD de 0,55. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Dipteryx alata Vog.; evapotranspiração de cultura; déficit hídrico; Cerrado; espécies nativas. ABSTRACTBaruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.) is a species from the Brush biome which is considered promising for cultivation because of its timber and oleaginous potential and use to recover degraded areas. Due to scarce information on water requirements of the species, the objective of this study was to evaluate production and growth of baruzeiro seedlings as a function of container sizes and irrigation depths The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from May to October 2010. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates in a split-plot 2 x 5 design, with eight seedlings in each one. Two sizes of containers were used in the plots (3.1 and 4.0 L rigid pots of straight stiff plastic tube) and irrigation drip levels equal to 20%, 40%, 60% 80% and 100% crop evapotranspiration (Etc) were used in the subplots. At 100 days after emergence, the following parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth, dry matter production and index of seedling quality by the Dickson quality index (DQI). The stiff plastic tube provided higher Etc in relation to that of the rigid pot, and therefore, more developed seedlings. Water depth from 70% to 95% ETc provided more vigorous D. alata Vog. seedlings. The increase in water deficit reduced the seedling development. The ideal irrigation level was estimated as 71% ETc, regardless the container, which provided DQI of 0.55.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog) em função de proporções de gesso (0%; 1,6%; 3,2%; 4,8% e 6,4%) com base em volume e adubação com cinza de madeira (ausência e presença) misturadas ao substrato Bioplant®. Constituiu-se assim um esquema fatorial 5x2, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. O experimento foi conduzido de janeiro a março de 2009, em viveiro com cobertura e laterais de sombrite preto (50% da luminosidade natural), situado na Fazenda Japão, município de Orizona, Goiás. Como recipiente foram utilizados sacos de polietileno de 15 x 25 cm, onde colocou-se uma sementes por recipiente, ficando a extremidade superior da semente cerca de 2,0 cm de profundidade. As irrigações foram realizadas diariamente, no período da tarde. Aos 152 dias após a semeadura, avaliou-se altura de muda (AM), diâmetro de caule (DC), número de folha (NF), número de folíolos por folha (NFF), número de folíolos por planta (NFP), comprimento da raiz principal (CR), massa da matéria seca das raízes (MSR), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca total (MSTO) e índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O gesso agrícola proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de baruzeiro, no entanto sua associação com cinzas de madeira, juntamente com o substrato, não favoreceu o desenvolvimento das mudas.Addition of agricultural plaster and wood ash to substrate in baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog) seedlings developingAbstract: This study aimed to evaluate the baruzeiro seedlings development in function of plaster proportions (0%, 1.6%, 3.2%, 4.8% and 6.4 %) based on volume and fertilization with wood ash (absence and presence) added to the substrate Bioplant ®. It constitutes therefore a 5x2 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design with three replications and four plants per plot. The experiment was conducted from January to March 2009, in coverage nursery and side with shade screen (50% of natural light), located in Fazenda Japão, Orizona county, Goiás. As container was used polythene bags of 15 x 25 cm, which was placed one seeds per container, with the upper end of the seed approximately 2.0 cm depth. The irrigation was performed daily in the afternoon. At 152 days after sowing, was evaluated seedling height (SH), stem diameter (SD), sheet number (SN), number of leaflets per leaf (NLL), number of leaves per plant (NLP), length the main root (LR), dry mass of roots (DMR), dry mass of aerea part (DMAP), total dry matter (TDM) and Dickson quality index (DQI). The plaster provided better initial development of seedlings baruzeiro, however its association with wood ashes, along with the substrate, didn't favor the growth of seedlings.
Soybean crop is regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses with great potential in reducing grain yield and quality. The selection of resistant cultivars is a promising approach for mitigating these damages. We evaluated the chemical profile of Glycine max leaves from different cultivars in order to explore their defense mechanisms against Spodoptera cosmioides caterpillars. We optimized solid–liquid extraction techniques using ultrasound bath and static headspace extraction. Additionally, we developed an approach based on liquid and gas chromatography for analyzing the chemical profile of G. max cultivars. The principal component analysis allowed the classification of transgenic cultivars, which are classified as susceptible to S. cosmioides, from those obtained by genetic improvement and resistant to the insect. Differences were observed in the abundance of phenolic glycosides, lipids, aldehydes, and alcohols. More specifically, S. cosmioides resistant cultivars presented molecules related to the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways. Such data can contribute to a molecular understanding of phenotypic diversity in soybean cultivars, from plant quality to resistance mechanisms and adaptation, to environmental stress and herbivory.
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