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Recent research related to transport gerontology argues that the autonomy, flexibility and independence provided by the car are fundamental in fulfilling travel needs in later life. Statistics show that in the western world the car is the most used mode of travel among the older population. Despite the importance of promoting transport policies to incentivize people to switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, alternatives to the car are still underused by older people. The aim of this scoping review is to analyze the transport barriers affecting the use of alternative modes to the car in later life. The paper investigates how issues related to personal security, health impairments, service provision, affordability, comfort, attitude, built environment, information and awareness of all transport modes influence modal choice. The analysis of the literature shows that despite the benefits provided by public transport, flexible transport services, taxis, walking and cycling, there are still several factors that negatively affect the use of these modes. The paper concludes by reflecting on potential solutions that might help to create a transport system less reliant on the car and which is able to meet the mobility needs of the older population.

Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

As the population in Western countries becomes older, providing transportation able to meet travel needs during later life will become more challenging, especially due to the heterogeneity and differences in background, health and travel patterns of that population. Given the importance of the link between the ability to be mobile and use transportation with individuals' wellbeing, this study investigates the factors which influence the fulfilment of travel needs amongst the older population. The study employs a conceptual framework based on five interrelated domains that shape and influence out-of-home travel needs during later life. The results indicate that access to the car, especially as a driver, and individuals' health and wellbeing conditions are the two main factors affecting the fulfilment of travel needs with regards to both realised mobility and unmet travel needs. Around one-third of the respondents reported the need to undertake more out-of-home activities than they do, particularly older women. Activities reported more in this sense were those related to the discretionary domain such as visiting other people and undertaking social and leisure activities.