The negative impacts of racism, including experiences of racial trauma, are well documented (e.g., Bryant-Davis & Ocampo, 2005;Carter, 2007). Due to the deleterious effects of racial trauma on Black people, interventions that facilitate the resistance and prevention of anti-Black racism are needed. Critical consciousness is one such intervention, as it is often seen as a pre-requisite of resistance and liberation (Prilleltensky, 2003;2008). In order to understand how individuals advance from being aware of anti-Black racism to engaging in actions to prevent and resist racial trauma, non-confidential interviews with 12 Black Lives Matter activists were conducted. Using constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014) under critical-ideological and Black feministwomanist lenses, a model of Critical Consciousness of Anti-Black Racism (CCABR) was coconstructed. The three processes involved in developing CCABR include: witnessing anti-Black racism, processing anti-Black racism, and acting critically against anti-Black racism. This model, including each of the categories and subcategories, are detailed herein and supported with quotations. The findings and discussion provide context-rich and practical approaches to help Black people, and counseling psychologists who serve them, prevent and resist racial trauma.
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which non-cognitive constructs (personality, thinking styles, motivation, and psychological wellbeing) would predict self-reported creativity across different domains among 266 college students. Consistent with hypotheses, openness, legislative thinking styles, and intrinsic motivation were significant predictors of overall self-reported creativity and across several domains. Extraversion was also a key predictor. Some other relationships consistent with past research (such as disagreeableness and math/science creativity) were also noted.
Background: Anecdotal evidence suggests that outdoor swimming can improve mood. This feasibility study examined the mood and well-being in participants attending an outdoor swimming course. Methods: Profile of Mood States and Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale questionnaires were completed by participants on a 10-week introductory outdoor swimming course (61 swimmers) and 22 controls who sat on the beach. Questionnaires were completed before and after three sessions: the first session (pool based), their first outdoor swim (session 4) and their final outdoor swim (session 10). Results: Swimmers reported acute increases in positive subscales (Esteem and Vigour, P < .001) and reductions in negative subscales (Tension, Anger, Depression, and Confusion and Total Mood Disturbance [TMD], P < .001, d = 1.1-1.7). TMD was also reduced between sessions (P < .001, d = 0.08). Well-being also increased during the course in swimmers (P < .001, d = 3.7) and controls (P = .019, d = 0.2). Greater reductions in TMD (P < .001, d = 0.8-2.5) and increases in well-being were observed in swimmers than controls (P = .034, r = .23). Conclusions: Novice outdoor swimmers participating in a 10-week introductory outdoor swimming course had acute and chronic reductions in negative mood, increases in well-being and acute increases in positive mood. Controls mood scores fluctuated and were similar at the start and end of the course, whereas well-being scores improved Abbreviations: POMS, Profile of Mood States; SWEMWBS, Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; TMD, Total Mood Disturbance This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In this paper, we study the inverse problem of collinear central configurations of a 5-body problem: given a collinear configuration q = (−s − 1, −1, r, 1, t + 1) of 5 bodies, does there exist positive masses to make the configuration central? Here we proved the following results: If r = 0 and s = t > 0, there always exist positive masses to make the configuration central and the masses are symmetrical such that m1 = m5, m2 = m4, and m3 is an arbitrary parameter. Specially if r = 0 and s=t=s¯, the configuration q=(−s¯−1,−1,0,1,s¯+1) is always a central configuration for any positive masses 0 < m2 = m4 < ∞ when m1 = m5 are fixed at particular values, which only depend on s¯ and m3. s¯ is the unique real root of a fifth order polynomial and numerically s¯≈1.396 812 289. If r = 0 and s ≠ t > 0, there also always exist positive masses to make the configuration central. For any r ∈ (0, 1) [or r ∈ (−1, 0)], there exist a set E14 (or E25) in the first quadrant of st-plane where every configuration is a central configuration for some positive masses. However, no configuration in the complement of E14 (or E25) is a central configuration for any positive masses.
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