Thirty patients from a private clinical practice who met the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) were followed prospectively through a brainwave-based intervention known as electroencephalograph (EEG)-driven stimulation or EDS. Patients were initially treated with EDS until they reported noticeable improvements in mental clarity, mood, and sleep. Self-reported pain, then, having changed from vaguely diffuse to more specifically localized, was treated with very modest amounts of physically oriented therapies. Pre- to posttreatment and extended follow-up comparisons of psychological and physical functioning indices, specific FS symptom ratings, and EEG activity revealed statistically significant improvements. EDS appeared to be the prime initiator of therapeutic efficacy. Future research is justified for controlled clinical trials and to better understand disease mechanisms.

There is potential for combining A4R and PBMA in a more comprehensive approach to priority setting, which uses a fair priority-setting process to reach decisions aimed at achieving optimal benefits with available resources.

In economic evaluation of healthcare interventions, the dominant practice is to calculate an incremental cost effectiveness ratio, usually based on the comparison of a new intervention against current practice. Canadian and UK health economists question the economic foundations of such an approach Who could resist implementing the results of a study showing that using alteplase (tPA; tissue plasminogen activator) rather than streptokinase in treatment of acute myocardial infarction costs $32 678 (£21 340; 33 330) per life year gained, which the authors declare to be "cost effective by customary criteria"? 1 Despite similar claims from several such studies, the impact of economic evaluation on setting of priorities remains unclear. 2-4 Among the reasons given for this are that opportunities for reducing costs while maintaining quality still arise, and that cost effectiveness analyses do not take all factors into account. 3 Achieving the same result more cheaply-a success for economics-represents a classic cost effectiveness approach. The possibility that not all factors have been considered suggests that other approaches may make economic evaluation more relevant. We contend that, beyond the classic approach, many studies labelled as cost effectiveness analyses of health care are not really that at all. At best, this mislabelling is confusing: at worst, conclusions drawn by the studies' authors could be harmful to patients' health. Thus, there are contraindications to the use of cost effectiveness analysis in health care, and an alternative economic approach is required.In this paper we revisit the basic economic principles. Then we make the case that lack of adherence to such principles, through current practice of reducing everything to incremental cost effectiveness ratios, leads to contraindications.

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LENS cannot be recommended as a single modality treatment for FM. However, further study is warranted to investigate the potential of LENS to interact synergistically with other pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for improving symptoms in FM.