This study suggests that a single-dose protocol of Clexane is an effective and very convenient alternative to sodium heparin, but currently direct costs are about 16% more. We recommend an initial dose of 0.70 mg/kg.
Farming domesticated millets, tending pigs, and hunting constituted the core of human subsistence strategies during Neolithic Yangshao (5000–2900 BC). Introduction of wheat and barley as well as the addition of domesticated herbivores during the Late Neolithic (∼2600–1900 BC) led to restructuring of ancient Chinese subsistence strategies. This study documents a dietary shift from indigenous millets to the newly introduced cereals in northcentral China during the Bronze Age Eastern Zhou Dynasty (771–221 BC) based on stable isotope analysis of human and animal bone samples. Our results show that this change affected females to a greater degree than males. We find that consumption of the newly introduced cereals was associated with less consumption of animal products and a higher rate of skeletal stress markers among females. We hypothesized that the observed separation of dietary signatures between males and females marks the rise of male-biased inequality in early China. We test this hypothesis by comparing Eastern Zhou human skeletal data with those from Neolithic Yangshao archaeological contexts. We find no evidence of male–female inequality in early farming communities. The presence of male-biased inequality in Eastern Zhou society is supported by increased body height difference between the sexes as well as the greater wealth of male burials.
Adverse physiologic effects accompany hemodialysis. Biocompatible dialyzer membranes may both limit oxidative stress and decrease beta2-microglobulin production, thereby reducing patient morbidity. We compared standard solute clearance, lipid, and antioxidant effects of a novel cellulosic membrane dialyzer modified with covalently bonded vitamin E (Excebrane Clirans E15, Terumo Australia) with standard cellulosic and polysulphone membrane dialyzers. Stable adult hemodialysis patients taking no lipid lowering or antioxidant therapy (n = 17; 9 male, 8 female) were recruited into a 10 week, prospective, unblinded study. Measurements were made at baseline on their usual dialyzer and after 2, 4, and 10 weeks of Excebrane use. Excebrane demonstrated good in vivo clearance of standard solutes relative to surface area. Predialysis beta2-microglobulin levels were unchanged with time and were significantly lower postdialysis than with cellulose acetate (p < 0.05). Oxidized low density lipoprotein levels as measured by nitrotyrosine residues were high predialysis, but tended to decrease with both membranes (p > 0.05). Total antioxidant status fell during dialysis (p < 0.0005), but plasma vitamin A and E concentrations increased (p = 0.007 and p = 0.02, respectively). Baseline vitamin A levels were high in all patients and, along with vitamin E, total antioxidant status and lipid profiles did not change over time with Excebrane use. Excebrane is an efficient, biocompatible membrane with no deleterious effects on beta2-microglobulin or lipids. More long-term study is merited.
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