Neurinomas are among the commonest extramedullary space-occupying lesions encountered in the spinal canal. The occurrence of such neoplasms in an intramedullary site, however, is rare and raises interesting questions regarding its mode of origin. For this reason the following instance of intramedullary neurinoma is recorded.Case Report K., a 35-year-old farmer (N.S. 350), was admitted to the Neurosurgical Unit, Government General Hospital, Madras, India, in 1951, for inability to move the lower limbs. The onset of his illness dated back to about nine months before admission when he noticed weakness, together with a heavy feeling of the lower limbs progressing to loss of sensation. Both these symptoms progressed so he sought medical advice. He also had difficulty in emptying his bladder completely.Physical examination disclosed that the pertinent findings were restricted to the nervous system. There were no voluntary movements in both lower limbs which were spastic and held in extension. Involuntary movements were not present and there was no muscular wasting. Examination of sensation disclosed a complete loss of appreciation of all modalities of sensation below the level of the xiphisternum. About the xiphisternum and up to about the level of the fourth dorsal dermatome there was a suggestion of dissociated sensory involvement with sparing of touch and loss of temperature and pain sensations. The knee and ankle jerks were exaggerated. An extensor type of plantar response was elicited on both sides. The patient had overflow incontinence of urine. The rest of the neurological and systemic examination was normal.Routine laboratory investigations disclosed no abnormal findings. A cisternal myelogram showed a complete arrest of " lipiodol" at the level of the second dorsal vertebra. A laminectomy was done and the only abnormality was a fusiform enlargement of the spinal cord. An incision along the posterior midline disclosed a fairly well encapsulated tumour that was removed from the substance of the cord without much difficulty. The tumour was about 1 cm. long and i cm. in diameter and tended to be more in the left than in the right half of the cord.Convalescence from surgery was uneventful and in about three months the patient had recovered sufficiently to be able to work eight to 10 hours a day on his farm. However, the loss of pain and temperature sensations between the fourth and the sixth dorsal dermatomes persisted. Four years later, in March, 1955, the patient experienced pain in the front of the chest on coughing and a heavy feeling in the lower limbs. The latter progressed to difficulty in walking and he was admitted on June 30, 1955, with weakness of the lower limbs, more marked on the left.Neurological examination revealed that the cranial nerves and upper limbs were normal. Both the lower limbs were spastic, the left more than the right. Power was markedly diminished on the left and moderately so on the right side. The muscles were not wasted and involuntary movements were absent. Examination of the deep...
Mycobacterium leprae cells extracted from the skin biopsies of 14 bacilliferous lepromatous patients were maintained in human-murine macrophage cultures for 3 weeks in the presence of [3H]thymidine and DDS (4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone). All cultures except one containing freshly extracted viable bacilli showed significant incorporation of [3HJthymidine as compared to control cultures containing heat-killed bacilli of the corresponding strain. Six susceptible strains of M. leprae obtained from untreated, freshly diagnosed patients showed significant inhibition of the uptake of the radiolabel in the presence of 3 and 10 ng of DDS per ml per culture. Eight strains of M. leprae obtained from patients clinically suspected of DDS resistance were tested in a similar manner. These strains were also concurrently inoculated in the footpads of mice given orally 10-2, 10-3, and 10-4 g of DDS per 100 g of body weight for 9 months. Concordant results were obtained by both methods: five strains were found to be resistant, one was susceptible, and one was partially resistant. Strain VIII did not incorporate [3H]thymidine in the macrophage cultures and proved to be resistant in the mouse footpad. The macrophage culture system provides a sensitive, rapid screening method for the early diagnosis of DDS resistance.Mycobacterium leprae continues to evade in vitro cultivation by conventional methods. The problems related to the study of the pathogenesis of leprosy, the effect of antileprosy drugs (9, 13,22,27), and the diagnosis of resistant strains (16,19) were partly overcome with the development of the mouse footpad model as a useful tool in various laboratories (3,21,26 of resistance in the endemic areas using monotherapy.After the reports of radiolabeling of mycobacteria (15) and, in particular, M. leprae (1, 4,12,31), our laboratory was able to confirm the uptake of [3H]thymidine by more than 50 M. leprae strains resident in human (20) and murine (25) macrophages. Differentiated macrophages maintained in vitro provide a suitable environment for the short-term maintenance of M. leprae, as indicated by morphological criteria (24) or, in our hands, by the selective uptake of [3H]thymidine by the bacilli (20,25). The incorporation of the radiolabel appears to be maximal by the third week in culture, and the increase in radioactive counts is cumulative. That the incorporation is related to the viability of M. leprae is indicated by the significant increase in counts in cultures containing freshly extracted bacilli as compared to cultures with the corresponding heat-killed strain.The present study was designed to assess the utility of this in vitro system for the identification of DDS resistance in clinically suspected patients. To test the validity of the system, studies were undertaken in three independent centers in India. The patients were screened in the Central Leprosy Training Research Institute, Chingelput, and the skin biopsies were air-
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