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MMP-9 expression is increased in the ECM during wound healing and parallels concentrations of MMP-9 in nasal fluids. Inflammatory cells represent the major source of increased MMP-9 expression, which is linked to poor healing quality.

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Out-patient treatment of precancerous lesions of the cervix usually results in clearance of HPV. Both LEEP and cryotherapy are highly effective methods of eradicating HPV. HPV DNA testing may have added value in the follow-up of patients.

Prediction of recurrent disease by cytology and HPV testing after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasiaObjective: To assess the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cytology as predictors of residual ⁄ recurrent disease after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions. Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 ⁄ 3 lesion on biopsy were included in a prospective follow-up study in Belgium and Nicaragua. All women were treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and follow-up visits took place at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. During these visits, a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test was taken, colposcopy was performed and specimens were collected for HPV testing. Cytology, high-risk (HR) HPV presence, persistent HR HPV infection and combinations of these tests at different time points during follow-up were correlated with histologically confirmed residual ⁄ recurrent disease. Results: Thirteen patients (9%) developed residual ⁄ recurrent disease during follow-up. Abnormal cytology at 6 weeks after treatment was significantly correlated with residual ⁄ recurrent disease. Nine of thirty-seven patients with abnormal cytology at 6 weeks had recurrent disease versus three of seventy with a normal cytology [odds ratio (OR): 7.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-28.5; P = 0.003). Sensitivity of this test was 75.0%, specificity 70.5%. Combining abnormal cytology and the presence of HR HPV within the first 6 months after treatment gave the best correlation with residual ⁄ recurrent disease: of the 54 women with abnormal cytology and ⁄ or HR HPV presence within the first 6 months, 11 developed residual ⁄ recurrent disease (OR 10.2; 95% CI: 2.2-48.3). Sensitivity of this combination was 84.6% and specificity 65.0%. Conclusion: Cytology remains the cornerstone in the early follow-up after LEEP for CIN lesions of the cervix. HPV testing can add value as it increases the sensitivity of cytology in concomitant testing within the first 6 months.